EP*3{dx _U}nvYC 7 &@&$"<6d慍NXʼn ET481G}R;Հii/#ӂ~r&,oϹw{ԅv ՅpCIZ$g{BH.OB ]!MujBC8tj՗ ¦>lC"XkZ !;+9Qɂf/x߯=`+O0ew?k -y./ )8lTJq?kr0NU8.q!H/Oox~Թgʯz7^L Q.jxpC~CN)8N™5HͪkB7GH߾PiTA҅:ڼmrj(l(jc/ [tjAe+}k}([jUvlluΪ3hХ~)ڡh+Vh/ddxAKi*]1cr>~nҸrj}kiocj=J;2A}C nhHk%'ڗlgSǧIkfyFdzT$?f܄/v(ak)!o_03vTi *ۅKZEmk5*Ypnݙ]̊~5ʀpregd@-%C:A,''<:E-|YU$`ͼ`Tf ՂSUJ;R^|?&Ir˔:ǨNWpE^]4\ EKh D/E>?x ?6i. yN5w6=+Sȏ4ϻѦ/y^ks ks'_4qO$f_G.|;ӕbw>g^aIqNalK)19]=WW wF}@k4~aD2G Ǽ_pnl|Yz^YgOOҵ˾ ١~[/܆t.W K3?{ifԅe,^렋At._ pu t\IX&6iƭ /IJ_7d}MF-}iۧ%,ϬߝV YɷfyX}#4ؿ{h2%>>PKrϴ_f%v vOwG[F% rkiE6^4  nV>Y| W { 2Qn<>Mi'+3qKAǷO;@6F@/%z^^lchm;eO hY -ũk^٬;t`ZWЦ<Fow%o}6.MCl&deU%$x_ kX_ UK. oP}P_. x(#8dWwZE 'HaEN1goH=<ciCf}GtqOu'=Ih\F_E EkA%\W/f f !cr lgl/EH{qLd2ϖq~l@3{7k;ZlGb\'.+U2$*5›7p ~>D8]U?&ٕ7R5<&o_&5q蓺%s4eP+MeȆNdc8C@Whǫ͍ͥAm|D8Ɖt7/xV[oQ35cJ6hmV9:E Yb6BO^³&^xF~=lj>F}=u27𴅶}:{R 7|;)h/pSoKX+T~OP&T1\8ko[ZRG]ve" 6xG뷳5>ǵ;=;oM:-SyӪr.=ʩ'|ʫX>sZ}cC](O:V{ݢEoKώ7=_4=_u6"\&J> }Iw"{~+*~l-\F)~OR#bfOx!}poW*{^NY1jWۍ&^)W)Ωψ@[Vj앂cg(Wxc[)u1K:;+Ч}yC?Q4ECn%ʝdp|@s)]=邃.UCc1d߲1±vgD01vXgʸqcG'>8?ȣ?ǍcllrЎ:1c~HzkSWEMNA\tWI8oVK_)+Dt9)g[:9yϣlPvSRn?B ɏ,8W:xM4{{?WY38J˅c-ݣ%Qr#N&+TX׫s̃F~֨X |;D>8+7?Cd4+ #l~Mݳո+e[ +x=%tAyʧmN귎|Y$j^T*}z)ϪLF3術u ntNR]otBd9m.8~D~Mr%A:*'[<'͉w<&.x{<dzDG12ݪ~1CN'wT甿yR)ipx[CמּsvS:OlzLg^}o%3g;`ہ|E<|j0OڡCwǑͭ^4vz7[r2;X(Çߔ1Z<4G^9F42~wW 72y(O G T17*EnֽKyE࠯+/vJy+2 鏺\V8SR"MmgtҾGQpM{pMK|PgS !xV9|nehX:C=)8/HiP CӰMKxŊ7O>~&oU?9bGos4ju$vc:hefy6Eт?7>zE'1 lڶ 籂Su17b|4߻l.*cK9%r;4Qϡx;[MޒZ§\eEr)rZ܏g)ttk[OУb]S{x}XpW J;!F$~ 4Zx/#sy_"E,rЎ:UA.l( 4ȏhїw An8s2G=2dcpWnqJUޠc ?Gۘ>3"3_aٴ8;Mu Qވ剟x:pq_ "mub@:СNtQ?+TJ?]վs x =QyqgKC*n'E~msL2OWʙcpS}X' u= O< #;W2֩^qm1 }br}"窡<+j=:A%4ASW|pe ,jVOYxO{'5hGߌUY68IOE_/A|ےǞy?ׯ zb+8xfU &C_0 E_?|:~HឺV(& %|o_7Ur}R^'\FubQ/ࠏrp1yEi< {aiίx*<- >?pg om>Dx^(&?*Bp@C*CU;,\-b$P NU͢@qpyZ a;yc834ϙT8ZU~<'+c=aRhOh9}^ۋ|OW]J+-(G?z?aDZ1KJu;dGe#=*i)6'~>7蚽\,?3UJ׷ Ǽv`:zSTg c֑oxFީmCr"7mKJYG}SuH5:Y.\K$[]q\~I=&S,MfG'l0>+g+@?qmԦ2YӖ`ZőslW|a PG5ᤄ8o;12lXԁNgt Kp+=ZӊʤW?fW>ﲡSi?zp.GtaH+ Seq<[IM}*VS|}7ol.hs ??Q4p02\3r~}vb3XƊȧ}|Mz7BJt(- 5 W,Zhʩ"<$tli>4{:q?o/>ѹ6=ݳ$3B1{T;%+W =v\y(JM<ȝqJԏF.}J@+T6Y\}O0!˱:6U1"K#x9ܿfeBTcUEW~cB_~2-UqpZ\?\!0}Y2/R)xmAv-`Z8*ww™gƸ۾${j4ƽe.,O=8hRV~*ɇej[%}½7 Krnq?{$~'lޢL^=eO؟4)Ï )m.^ E^+*^w P\%Z;p'Q{~4_lGX'^w<7s#)^7yȾ6{i]}TyD\_%opxeL]K;242CK8($%Z W-' o^(^ir ONxZ$\"q;*;>ZEA~o[s$ fx9^3>r* ~ˈINMIz bLQiB_V!c_lʪd9(ϺC+-v$ r »7ڗ3<\#587Mgy_cT3]KINAGYoA'.GGfe)yǟ p=oO[ڀcRΚLx *4"/4d]VbWpصNut>Z,,p© Caroline Becker 2008 1 Mateer: Microcosm of Protestant Mission Work in China American Society of Church History January, 2005 The legacy of Calvin Wilson Mateer, life-long missionary to Shandong Province, China, lives in the shadow of fellow Presbyterian missionary, John L. Nevius. Trained at rival seminaries, Mateer of Pittsburgh and Nevius of Princeton, they met in Shandong and served a combined eighty-three years of their lives in China. The impact of Nevius and his three-self method of indigenous evangelization, church growth and discipleship are evident in both the Chinese but even more so in the Korean Protestant churches today. 1 At least thirteen doctoral theses have been written about Nevius whereas only one on Mateer. 2 His varied roles as an itinerant evangelist, textbook writer, school principal, printing press manager, inventor and translator have served to distinguish Mateer as one of the “ three great pioneers ” of the Presbyterian missionaries in Shandong Province. Whereas Nevius is known for his missiological contributions, Mateer should be remembered for his impact in practical education and Chinese linguistics. Unfortunately, his name and accomplishments have long since moved into the shadows. An important part of the historian ’ s task is to study the past and see what of any importance has been left out. Often times those memorialized are not the only ones whose lives have been historically significant. Gray ’ s “ Elegy ” reminds us that death often silences individuals who were extremely influential while they were alive: “ The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth e ’ er grave, 1 John L. Nevius, Methods of Mission Work. Chinese Recorder (Shanghai: American Presbyterian Mission Press, 1886). 2 Jinghuan Shi, “ Di Kaowen he Situ Leideng zai Hua di jiao yu huo dong. ” Ph. D. diss., Beijing Normal University, 1989; Moreover, Nevius made it into the Dictionary of Asian Christianity whereas Mateer did not [Scott W. Sunquist et. al. eds. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001]. kx}LUe^*K"flҒB!{YJFDL&lhȂr0EQn5[ܘN|^7 nl|}~{Ȁyh}ޟ=9'bȌiDMUC",]T=W-Xc͘.=AۡڬyH7Aȓ1>鋽p<17K>  AbX9oI&8ÖɾFS'5rڟm,ž7's:@K1蕁Kn7yI&w,d߰}KL g}I@iE._I \bzm<Xk_k3ˢڂ}|"A Y8\6b+єǴKdy0K~uTV]!, ,98ؕ0,"u8svcc;^c:e 3D"Gb8:F:7$oVP%z|q쿄UC>Rn[BJrhBwTj~,[9HF?#YC|# 'KYM)6j+@+Q}<2RO \FXỴq DjJ*}->(t`(" 5_߅uh?2w/=NHv ?%Ϛk`H bzگ/Fר{]뺒' ^!koyXfȺGIp nzc4%߂u9=t]%0,ꈽ ] ηG;Џ͙~>'Sk՚W tsa󁎗<{o4oyuNk SYS`}a1xеtP3*1?ZStsY}mul}:=Ϻd[@ɺz^".(A8qrhBO@o欯{1(/aGM4@ ]&Xމ <߉m ۃp-{ ;c`5 ]{3k޿:2h=NE·fNwxSY6զwXDdD9jJTr9DMSa&c&hbǫM{9^[4yN;g<7uN&;ߺ}Ow>ƻɭ~^x:ux:u Microsoft Office Document Image Writer 11.03.2175.00 2008:08:26 15:35:51  |% c%l%t%(16:32p3/v%01B-nb{dgx͜{pu'?$ +#&gbG D%p'~ȶHQ .#0!LCZOLǓ) %eb&$@2dJ:IJCI~Wz>wϹ{ܻwR%a-(zH햆(Z8ElQ҅EQ%^E#DgH]!U]}Hg'F]@tc.ZłUѠ~i>6ˑ1QS75#9C?I(hu+tNM}B;pƟ R͍Iqt[8:ngjh8P "(_N}H}hYWҠM%GD_Q/6龆k_Xk\G^<ШL0q˭2F@>`Ofd1z~*W/Q۽1p$ވpw?X #V +XM5TɷIF\zJY_/sWN/*V[=<O6sl-ĊXmRC,0Z9SlҜNԘ՘]- ˛5{{W{&>z ;o]-$r}u6vG摓=57'hG4o\=N9 9OWdr8o}uW\;1zvk o{%nV{ZOhS~n|g i>Yn.Q+~NB#uWSdlܕ=YZ/4)TIRYӥ6'^Q#~`,%}rnOs]r!wƕĚ̊'<$<٫phX@ez 3{Tբz ^3|yw3׀߸5}q~ZeJw|NqA]N^IT-V v\35VGx6:}`@c m{CotAn2_#x99ʞy8Ut(B.kE+\]+X!-rj`OIVd '0k"oH|*r_|ŏlﳹ<6Wn >y=52!}DY~ 2 ӱ6#C{X3Ky<2t >{N~?qg 7S2^({5pb8%=d. gxڅzyN'f.~gWiJ}ggtcC8؇Ut*}Vώ%uӇ~9oh_LqlO7[$lFGl`gY-$~jFl+XR, m<ٿesYޓ^SU~|lOqcPڣ \ޑ2[[ _4vd/{qf +b' ѓXؑyݱM>q^ Eu{|,zw^'[OrUA"<|^.4bc6voԄݛ}Ax ? |:Zg1^C2۰kr|ك]U͉]аkƖŞ'gePdRL8Y1;8bJ Ȓ@9_Zo t'> |{ޞ^k)YS3yܠ{'օ;ccp׫0X1a_}@y9>,\YƚL%J/Pxbf-' |3m 6~8C'?$IƏXJ=.?۔y?BÏgjlw/8ԞSyB*a< ro}Dpk;>3v9!>x$_x_#ExpګW˚Eo .z6yBCWjB_Et ?P  `q ذo!f'0'<'6[jcWػUp+TBޣ4nby8;k}jЋ@_ζ> <FmZhgnYѲV][6-w*oT^42_ͻI*2Uޭ#=9^7X贶WϞ/6 /V]Nٚʺ^9'!9N9$* z^4qO wHb;[X}%+vpy^ORG> + O/|Zu0<2oV'sGVݦKw4gk@R^uWR;~ntX^:;]Ϯx*COZ Wv;{M9\+c%+ya?><ԜUxlst>chg v{^R[:eRw gS&<>.+ n=;5"^ۂo[R.-??䵧sb {t TٍEp|[\=8LD9f7xr~{m_(}6742E 'J¸f^6C@ߒw_gkeX@uhѿF.G.ÃgG6:'}.@ί:@C4Go3ϐ~P,s?Sp oA{'3vo5ktr}0ػA~'Ԋ-88o Mjr"L8kA}C?gs܀;7_Z0{;ٮme>y]֍kr>_ Vbw&_Z:Eu=Gwg(j ;>ֶd#̹>`rRCfBt'_~>9>qN !3hx5¯̱Q1^xXC4+i<;'0Ykȡo>&7uCэ{o}c}ŵDnMPM &w"7ȥ~Jo75f} ݉vǮCQ  qhnv:xBc\;s~+"[||t-oh5O.ngu09kb@ֿU}w #"'} ok2,-# 42ֳ7{Mސ(Y'ۛXT3si^K.k: g$Y?MYmN>7j} }زyR4v_!&PITF}v0iyVPÉ3sű9v=/ػlLm otFUi8ZWp?Dˮkbo(,@ g.3-t7$^C+K;OiU˚\o?ٶOLBe [+e#;.Ds35y.{8Uzdxo/v[9c >8| \t:V^q8gy 1ҍ'4z[G9²6ˀ?8µ}YQyU@>-U|Xk|G8&x(mPx'ቇ 6;ugwl-/8}pX]а ?%xï_0'$+hTy)D48bV-"oHk y*V! _c[6ϑ Oȅ6⃌|=z=#A/C&!k0ErH'4x.2?`fCs *ӊJ-=XXWkVnYgѕ%11e,˽t'ߠexfpf=+8_95xZ[}] / 7|urgOޅu/.ޫ #M^.nhD8/{-J$nRKX|$Pqc2SC❍}[;-c *$-1DO|? ;فDB8{ UfӧM2]֯8Y3 sOw\<2<}7}I腞׌/tms:rD7s*\ÛDp|ZPO'|}`_WG.vj]@n \/]G :L!x O"\9|w9*o9xd/DҧEWc >ycxb l+T4̖.N0-x#9[a>f੦'|Lݛ^\?,7`AC.ahԉYx2_xEzw;5}t]-ɽ~jjrrʽg5Z,~ߒwdAp԰63m-Nbt{$kB|swgQ9Mw9ωـ- [e-ًo_ &hl2Υo΄7sl<|&V0$:-tjڇN pV-^iJqd}]/@g7R%(yƖ~ѺcFIΘba8l 9z˙`svthG3V4ƒcs~w ~|?@f>a2sdܚ?4ݥÚXG`3,Tk'ObwAwHivjj_N"Uwu=' ddoXZTd}ȃr#zmvDJVk,,© Caroline Becker 2008 2 Awaits alike the ’ inevitable hour: The Paths of glory lead but to the grave. ” 3 Mateer devoted forty-four years of his life to education and discipleship in China. Memory has yet to raise a trophy over his tomb. Thus this paper seeks to awake this “ mute inglorious Milton ” of Protestant mission in China. 4 Although contemplating missionary work in Africa, once his wife Julia packed up their belongings, Mateer wholeheartedly left for China expecting “ to live there, to die there, and be buried there. ” 5 His dedication to serving “ heathen ” China moved him to participate in a wide array of missionary activities. Mateer ’ s breadth of involvement was matched with his deep success. Hunter Corbett, Presbyterian missionary who sailed to China and initially lived with Mateer for a couple of years, said that he “ was universally regarded as a man who never failed at anything. ” 6 His Mandarin Lessons became the standard textbook missionaries used for their Chinese language studies for over thirty years. The modest boys ’ school that he and his wife, Julia Brown Mateer, founded was the pioneering school that later became the Chinese Christian Dengzhou College and then one of the merged schools of the Shandong Christian College. Mateer also published arithmetic and physics textbooks in Mandarin and built the home in which he and his wife resided for thirty-seven years. Despite successes in such a variety of fields, Mateer was also at times misunderstood, especially by the people he sought to serve. During the Tianjin massacre there were reports that Mateer was “ fattening boys for the purpose of killing them, and 3 Thomas Gray, Elegy Written in a Country Church-Yard, (London, 1751), lines 34-36. 4 Ibid, line 59. 5 Daniel W. Fisher, Calvin Wilson Mateer: A Biography (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1911), 319. 6 Irvin T. Hyatt, Our Ordered Lives Confess (Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1976), 224. gxohUuǟsv7f(b1IĠmLٜ+EkN!6HBrmFEiA.+YAaQ0*__n>sewy+͹s9.f4Qf3ݞN䖫͚JPL&6($K2 -ΓL}-=ys0bfcl%U| wױv:rX1ַRzihE~ b&َj7/.&Js$&f&MV^o;5[eIk!ǂ n%~K~#ԛ4oC:b' &Rbd`~6`~I_IN3,}V]5s˸pUv4YeU~8Ya?aN8b=e^'2諽m g:&.&d?븽[rh+am#bk+:ǂ s!NnT? Y a.&MdUZfܖ ~5=lNh_j1+s=~RKWj" iRԳ`yy.Yԫf>B/_%E5vB=փ f>ޯOͺ9Yi(߃&Z;>lB\:oCo|`1J=ly/a9 z|4&F+~!jrtts24x jCs<5x ro+n ZԈm;VN9t?n[y;Eu8nhE6 {kӀ-rDZ#Y 7TKs R{oqv|WZ;3y}Wt}!ut. OpӼe6=Cf~,K;d%wۨ9#QCR=]G)ߍ] ˭Ȟ8ĺ-F/OMkZ?SY=0yTgmF.rza1lS؞詜=|/SsˌN52ly2㳭皛k|W_nls\2~ʿR9^7-&TNwq7Hz2#} D&M @4}} D&M XMicrosoft Office Document Image Writer 11.03.2175.00 2008:08:26 15:35:51  Tn4 | TT(16$b2Zb/U1]{]x_Uu/v ٦aa&nS@i I@Fi6$f]w7$` ; :Җ1Pm֦XZicB;A*-~?ݗ pss_-˲],CYI⳾;NgY~벬_-MYϪϺwOVL˺lk#rlX3_,纚cU?Q1evQg|A j3zɾAA!g_{Ÿ)ݖe~{;ޣrWg7dhVVMk2JƜ*4t=wT}S1iكa=׸vN6i+-S@*yŠ)S}&#[W>!\tYŜ _ŧggtxJ'#ß\6cfTu'h&g$ӨD̜?лNbyC jG^1/E{S;>`JUO~GlXڎt}fEgP=*I?!W9a5O惔cm>֣*'ƞ/.Gom<0`w*xu&>>y?׹_?hiAWR,ݟN 30S}̦L1uo7?m%(m-:j =~iD=w7\kZđ{c2FaT&4d#[<[ ?LM,W.ܘmԺ8Կ+m %8<Y90uUs>1ё\rMb)]'#QyA_-/pU.եL-yf+Lvx Ÿgԑ m22sɫ7/ҺsyÚWu{lnwWk C]L!m|aWMv鬃ڙ3:nilx?aR]h,ۣW:-8*S'Yߋ=B}Y㆜2kgV(|Zbe6NJ-^=k^Ar\OfGɹGys5dM yW%42H(JޢI\[ǐfjD/P~G(U.$r =i:݆Xw>z2[y6xpv8u?x8"Gg1`t1K5]=4>S螮'{)xYw*oSԲvVP 뇽gc5yU dŹE|b偷Gu R՗uY5ԯڻgĸ֨s1|hpSqM1qD39pݼD}nR^dZ/Zd>~;ؔM9~g+.P8h.a?E CҶ:X"ߑH֚Gr쮯G$iz=R EW5âkC!.,Yn$Ԇ4g/p'ꇼ3% goY&4d6J&}s0d+61::A<rY@) ˵ldrg!sl>x*T"jSxwb92{w4^mqJ=YSؑ85רQڤ /볩/%]{iS5øLnȱ}nAs`XWkb|=%*&>%bV ~r<^;e}Nz'=Έ1rs13s"bgM?\90w.:6\b32o3F::|N6ŶUǶа-mh؞y#RȼC/hW80,s^Iva9 ɂ3q˃|vc5FKt$s>w<3?ݡ;mMu X-:縪++<"BK_E9XOkd/vAynUG.KEHW="p8i=vH.iC9sC yF|@> u9[5"D=B'2_s,H̝0/ `N?xϭ_3=u6UWw2>LQ5E?)sFh[4kn ؙw4pS ܢg U1lO_I2}]ud0JxX; u} #LXEg +5!%\pCsd|~ܪěne[7e<~}I-|Ɯז{)᷍ Muos?>p_t_W& 0 w8)*ж8|Rx P4eI wIɲߡ?c#N:7/9!4"̙y(>Vxl_:f>Lvه`~J4'>/kM\Y5ݯ oN?RV '2! {PϣPꝊ}&yް32_[0gxu ~l K>桤>s:돾GG H|pXwĹPc>xZ{D#k ~XazpP{@:7:y` m>_Y?~ nj 1_'Z|ϗ膾芎رas㝓 \>W8|]X; ]CC>}ם푞Ft]>Ik#_َ>Jy8a/ՙ'4m%bc!y Gշl;hdnU2װZ9OaJyRC%z`}3X/4xv|^;Խ>櫎\bMoi q mM6U"1S7dWe?@z_pB;8dА*߻wю[3֓h 9@c,~opOq-qNI^{4%1<:9{T|qSռN6 wEɌ /|W.ߍrp)` y܍b&g$fܗlpK5nLkH̕8UL#ysm=(g3}MqR^yhS2X-\kBMU­nyZOOp>+#:~.o1}ἵb9%`[c[:v}ltK|G_4?m" ,q;/tu7}FP/4[ocz1' YS{Um<3.-|s<{{8C'@`lx&V- MU?!@a :9{!"xMϧYF 9Z&~+Oo#!wƴ4fmI ڞ iG|m8wc@`?ZȆ1^Ec8xr\)Z|y\ymSy7aHY|Z-~)(f#̉?M8)w}7<}>;mo_8^8K C _ЈIdr%8dchz 9WY635Z' wdTմZ<[-߻nа1"V&7 <~BQx 'GDRqdGL{(1mZi;c[lX?ؗ}K2/2/tA7<ȅ^LPZtwqơǧt63WXD?qCoxʱwD8?P|=8lS9!G-f,ߠsD{X@Gta腎؍6s]mWxWQWzoDsX|#O<mαD.<2r~> 7}-4W[Ijvm3ov.C:FI"):Pq/1.N #˥(rW-:iNJ&2U!Gv@4ȝ/ϴ1sw=oOPGOt^\@|/=pʚd~kX8r Qײn;`lM4$N,?yG}W{,B_&)&}'zx?,>NT SH%U瓾\Co]{&I|KhyWrh^LQ/}b[ItL];$qN AuC+qX;SyGiCU-Z̶)~K#N|-ECYGo'nceھ_R۠='2O4Iu_rSD+ʃۯ}#>y.Foy|Oi[vpt=gp||e4?y|\'4BU|Z4cMrB'oYƟop}[~abA}❉m|xXЈ 1,$͍/xJeq8T64xX[%='uϥ+%/oJ5'ZላՂz^ޑJqM&-WX=i$s+Siݸ&>$`l'ϫ{1p]ov A13uV19}eU(X \PʞC4vRo>E'{==,%%ʥ<]SP=4.S@,;X޺&8պ/1A,_RL@$&B >j{ 񁧾G_mGߖ>m <0]0S48ChjӮ!oSl[1Qc\~NW|c1B!o]'/:j?-K‘˫{h욜87K)wgN^ 6ʌgLΙs} ݶ 1*rKtHF&>yUk kWM:UnXnf/Giͣ9<)ٱF[?ѬkS&"73͞~}Q<oNd|Ve]-ͮ\[:Dwuij.߂֘ӗßs&׉c:4J`D\YAg bv5 J 6w !sRu\V+ctGoyR _)*^4XK{| uq-pFlYh^U1%bFIgLr(2MAі$ߩQ>v0O8)2Oym1ҝ9 ՙ؅W{#dü,߹Ce@C>|)ۡ{m!#\ +Hr ocYu.Y7|NCgsԇ>Û emKB%A3],_ulm@bOoS<,~rŇ'T>ipZZ!·g:>S#b`AΚj o%V#_) UZ.i*xj|ہwĬ{7!]}L.s^9v7&Ocb&x _kFcN6vjvаLXi;| }#^,,"© Caroline Becker 2008 3 then taking their eyes and hearts to make medicine with which to bewitch the people. ” 7 Given his misunderstood and oft ignored status, this paper will examine Mateer ’ s historical placement and assess the contributions he made in an attempt to render a more accurate account of his contributions to China and the church. Mateer ’ s pre-China life experiences equipped him with both the practical and spiritual training needed for meaningful life-long missionary service. Born and raised on a farm in Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania (ironically) his mechanical gifts were first called upon to repair sleds, wagons and farm tools. 8 This mechanical ‘ training ’ later transferred to the making of a casket for a missionary ’ s child, an electric fan, an air pump and the construction of the first two-storied home in Dengzhou. 9 Being the oldest of seven children provided him with a foundation of leadership and responsibility that was later called upon for his role as president of the Dengzhou Boys ’ School. Most importantly, however, was his parents ’ devoted faith which they imparted to their children. The Mateers conducted family worship services twice a day, attended church, whilst sacredly keeping the Sabbath, and attended a pastor ’ s Sunday School class. Their strong interest in foreign missionary work was such that four of their seven children ended up serving as missionaries to China. After graduating co-valedictorian from Jefferson College 10 in 1857, Mateer served as the principal of a struggling run-down boys ’ academy in Beaver, Pennsylvania for about a year and a half. This experience mirrors the later situation of the boys ’ school he and Julia began soon after their arrival in China. For as was the situation at the 7 Fisher, 135. 8 Ibid, 24. 9 John T. Faris, Reapers of His Harvest (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1915 ), 39; Robert M. Mateer, Character-Building in China ( New York: Fleming Revell, 1912), 35. 10 Today, Washington and Jefferson College xoHeϫ:z ܒYwnWbK֤T6lX6&旱f-IƠm4 0e+Z CV;omZ1<9<9s"b=$"DDvX"wBs6Edxi=eȷT9>HU& e$Ldu'Gf~#RHi BaOhu46ү#%DAߗjۓc):#y҆U|׬Kw~Q4g{sjT;+dM؇)eYryڔ]5>ɐ!Y,&z-a9)3 ɘNK u:m{ћiɱ3Mr\Jx6Eĕ>ol9 IܳV X /pLU"!<&k%'wYYR\1 ΅{*?!f ,f67݊*B>Upثgz.lerJd [n}m躦 9˰O)J=ׂhF>2_Go{ՄԚۡP2[F0^"RoBFIir-;oU9 y\c#NX~-i&J_K1AkUoc7 E<}0kYMm#[@sG=ҳmQkw3#䜣l9^PF%ayY[)tow#Gl'#73=> Κzv9-2ao%Nj ^͠{ZT>Qǭ0$mG!hJld^g_))г?}6]bl鞵"G0{ӸA g g]_.9w@ϴg-B]YN/tFHhl#u~zt]ޚ,ǦUNN(qτ>d#]\drNo(F oa#,v?%uV㿅q ;ېE+,;cƥ0ŋPp!|5Zןo5%]/9v6jjq Yz,d/~W\yg{s5%73߿&u<_߃)G|:t @Ё|:t _NMicrosoft Office Document Image Writer 11.03.2175.00 2008:08:26 15:35:51  JLc :B(16R2/(P1x{Vx Vy.-Y7Y] +mLADcp!P1 b6c0aZ'c[HM04!1v2'1JbqfHǴi3;{w٤䅇s{Ґ$ɨ`{Cڏ7'ɲd́$IoXvc4$Ϳ$I0$q!^+)ISP)ْlKRA_2K<˱=qVg?穓^kZo >y)d[i\$MV&[VJzJhS { -sL8Y{~98^٠M&$W/IvխyL^kkL ܷ5E+Z4@iS>p-)9Й}:+n/{]A13=پ}$5jtj^W++ne tV]۾wpP7O<VY=;7_wE'ݟ4/W}P*'798KcGrd\߯sڛ{ۂGOj!?ֽwʁ.zP4͍>}5?=*_4uO[ 4Z$M2]& O6sevHP{яȨ51I"4]\Q;5H`/\|$3N'4x^ C4^uHu },VY|Tʤ[X2C@ 7 c6`2R 4tiT}Rs"#Uؖ! ybYZg5|8_T_V?U ǹJjdSZQV7O@?x19%sqMА%v$OP1Y|AgZzT'|Cׂ̞+)bo-soetܭ{JxB!դNņb&3G`_x)J6ۤcSgWEB'R5j̦.Eflv"zGB ĠI{[ؐF9N`ߞ~LАIMLkD[?pܛma /q5! Vف*##rZݳ_ߗKE;Oc>&O!q0%u>W}SxB㞢7P2blf[rm?Vw\?6CPDZߘ~O= ۽Zb;hN+mOR8׌W^4x*<*̎u!Y 5$۳BE  `=_Y65mm{߇5vcyKqisNR4lUO1ZKW1` \3/sk?ИYbܯjq'Oj\I.zex\ !5+g[CrX2/؍?-!ȍ胞>DOpg:}tM:kەqm OaO4ϼb`Hr!%rCC32/Gq#-\#͚&/G9N j~t/倆W%ǨhTkVM?{X7gDy`[u_t 54wSOpXn+!oE3TK4AȭN\ՆMA\9ϜqMk6R0#% } =kC#jx3_uju 2og.j~P mOsw/lk!N&Q=~~[zsB˦zVUMݏ}TO{Μŋo9 ΜՆ3~挮:GOȯoH9Êj5ڣ½OX{^4 /1X?qD>g&^ ]%N}b*fA=ec$01P߱K8s:4bܼec||ß18s{ fŗGn*ԗ5?kn|>T~CRg|XtE1#Cj1kиc.3Of<|'4xi*kƚIňU+絿c\~a>8X|>˛R5ͷӿ@?1'*YX?kk|7 eO 7W}ټ㸇yG++_AtMoƪڞohY:m#/`c^ /UnB׷h >q叄\*ݾ(ڰ8ͤ(|pۄ6gˑ^c k'@ bc} Ol[^؇{#c>1qb.ǤIu “9hw9Kn)Fμ\-&ZV]I<씠xF<\*>UhT<3 Wm{왨zn`>>=#Ā}l0/{|FO, }xz[p=bqڠ>u[rGZ>^lhd7F̪K N|ۘ]/ EǦ@{>^s >s 88kΎީU'Z\x̏窸n؋U7 ;V*O|;WNZuD>F^yGZm=\Ã{3t>1c[> yo}a RrU%֬[P[%h+olUgddr=7M=5~O*_\Kg,s <=h܁chs|n\Ӈ+<_|q$W\AqŻ—Iܥ3iՉ|Tjg='*0-ɢ ]#?ͿiwSmc~3`O1}p_??[38O>e\\#{LJ=Zx{iay@\pԩO*/AY< *]dCRE79yW@,A4 ۡ{ /5-8܃>GK'ȴunҭ_41~BF.lC>z}_d+dB]ݡ![4Jh4qlnd Zy偆ğk#O<=}JEkI|΍kJUQZ<*};_|9!'Wq³Y\/ شCz~/[:b~4=G8Ј1;C\c㪃E;@[eœq5|˘} FL⯕n A<7Gvd-7G@ |hͷ]}$x۫6y&&o\1N Gn$?IºwolU6VYjLG2N߉ ؙX6zTibW|ØYxx:Vi٦?<}:CCgP .0<;5IvNO4rVveǾV+a^o6j t\Uh_ak[3k'c1wacۢa#樲QhE'~anr }aCr 6 AC>5!3LuhmW۲h Xyx\u|*Uhh `DZme;Ql !,s/бaM#ɍ<* O5ͼ}+s@cyh6xu`&{xY K9 [aCU\ hm[i޶5szhZ2;f.}{vаL\j_*pUSKE@'O9roMUΛYsv}m]ii] )ਔ'V2s6={ @/hv<'ƃw>@bkxњq3_d1?l=y0g!F >#=PVzYmĩߋCi 2 <-A&X ӟ 4J&r>iGf|1|>}?W5/a OpsCۂ1u&*a'oG/O橏rtxu vkbx) x>% G+fu sx9M Ϟiױ&ํǞ!o/ަ6o/hGPPS~\)7<#}_̂ 8Vޞ߼@-[Dfo=/e|84[бwNZk|`cGO15;'8: zݩ| s|MaoY'#>#n$׿+?^/{W6Rqf|upVT~5w*ƉUXkZ1@&;Ka]}Ec%7 准ԣ*w^k9F&;tԄ%5a&O‘DX], 1_,s~0Re~l.(]\%{/t?7>I.)IJ|0?sq.h,,a© Caroline Becker 2008 4 Dengzhou school, Mateer ’ s hard-work and drive for success brought about a quadrupling of the enrollment at the academy in Beaver over the three terms he served there. Later, in China, Mateer ’ s boys ’ school would develop from a floundering primary school into the first Protestant Christian College in nineteenth century China. Mateer ’ s final pre-China preparation was of a more formal theological bent. He left his Beaver school to attend Western Theological Seminary 11 , not because of an extraordinary sign, but rather a sense of duty. There his “ mental superiority ” and “ deep spirituality ” greatly impressed his classmates. 12 By the time of his graduation in 1861 he had already received his mother ’ s consent to be a foreign missionary, but due to the financial constraints of the Foreign Board during this Civil War period, Mateer ’ s departure was delayed for a few years. This stalling of his departure served to his advantage in that he was assigned to a church in Delaware, Ohio where he would meet his wife Julia. Caught in the tumult of the Civil War in America, Mateer arrived in an equally disturbed China. Calvin and Julia Mateer sailed for China in the aftermath of the Opium War (1839-1842), signing of the Treaties of Nanjing (1842) and Tianjin (1858), the Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864) and during the beginning stages of the Qing dynasty ’ s Self- Strengthening Movement (1861-1894). Roman Catholic missionaries first arrived in the thirteenth century and from the sixteenth century onwards China maintained a steady presence of foreigners with both religious and economic goals. These two types of foreigners were often indistinguishable in the Chinese person ’ s mind. Thus, by the late 11 Today, Pittsburgh Theological Seminary. 12 Fisher, 45. xhUeǟs]\ @AɭVج -sʶKd[ r(DcYA~@}z+ρϯyys޻U'" JEH?wH""{4{XΕv교%n¬U1_bCYk9G^JZJ>AlYD.%[spcKͷ#}uaAfƣUSRn̖/%k6E2Wh4eXTw#S985QjƢI3ط#]Eݲ ymI\[Mߏ ^]auv[7_RyƦd>-kci9+_MWW,Ϸ|o eSHCnU ̻2.=qA/=7 r%.kПB^ &M΀ !1G>A\hf˜VwFiǖ\'y㲉w‹eܣ x4:-5`;E:~)#Z)p41`qlz%7f1a?ֵ݃F!995 ("wyj̲\Ws~'}TTԙCI Uj3㺊zx/VWH;Q+ %ۼiγ+UnlqIZH>'eСۀ%sNJboRvΛHKTCc>b6hc;4n /i_ݻNhg~4Z35" 4>cGsZt]>隳53}3o&eNh# UvfLa{nig}k->' ϸhv|iUj^9ϸzE{'AsOP>g=L&Ϻ4/>;TCW7iN_!e)v'^ 1JIrR-.[ǯl b[ #m<Y5kZukA?9{rR'{_Vblv9W\JV>eYeuDoso/='ůjS[tK℘ǞKPLi2zJbeB\'\^Xx?)[,WVEMjUln}N}>aIl"GMFS?N6G:aRs0K_E1S<uZoh/z֩'::MIp,5=%%Q_ =^Q_c*~K,ggxYdD.Jtᵳ9m9JNSjteNc|[.W /c.L9]-QA "<[$ϏǾîu΍5\5E,1z` BOnSW75\wۼE Y^NV*zvc]!gfj\m KOCXz9Uj/ր#+u X/8{N=2|kD;A_:i{NJ֛y{Ţq(Ue/3*XQ/|Mw~;s[UB2p6 FC3qOέoMڻ/li&g=N}ĖtyB>YCojlBcuF/[nC 7QU3?4ӽ~L@OOXcw×|WD0{[_l,۳s㹭/;Jh~688Ϻ s`ڗ.|AaB d֚^p/|ȟ>uOKw j7tӦ[h>r],IdeCȳx!nR7@0㳍4q6Zjyc8I@Ss丧q+y^sc\N68A.2Ztx1>I6#ܑ(wTChpW !#~&e7+Bx1ؑ,xJ5NOM:"g<|ߡ+m/FoAmʃe9!S'ri|ŽEqJ]}lPҎwkƼï."7Z>.?@a/7}L4 xhO}r3:롄ƚx> s-m#yx{C#˔{j!ܙuΎ{qf Iڍ ^_ ^q فYכ>:gg,zާN:8O׺o>?>7zFwh>uzgY(p-\2z G&d/uQJ&dvlАMje;Uu[s,T*s=6=&U9#p[4!.u~<}0A^P=jݤZzKխahQ^IUwhhlڭ!l Obz;iǰF}xe ::p<լ:l `25gǮw˖ BæعΦ傪J3a e:D3"#͊J|w7C#>˥j5^=(Ɲ7GO|Xﱠg?ާ (S Ŧݾx|ަc̓~-3%=t֎<9Mx!9xClg|r:_R!r>*\/Zܻ[2M(>d_lxn#sbSI k>eA{p[α kr?mM oەұC)*he]@C'X=9:R*RL%#s&<^4b`~fA7mY }aCh]:i#@pKun߱<}mxr];?GFh}~jFK20>ՏG 0-?S'TByZ{7r.<Y+C kfsV@1Jle1k[YD-ӪUkiv<d\Km~RdvXp}Lt2ʰ̒k-C ur3>dBS+SeMlMUj?dt".vɅ|Wke!ԯN@c$g"W_|@3ȳOXr ϛ<А1ul-~i =>ڤ,_žCF;CK5`cֹN?ֲSZkyDZ] ZY&|LGӊL8d4^~9毑E2R!{+'\Ο|ʻ>O޹9|3=c }rt=FGon=y >-l7t, }u_Bm]g }6(c>Cǃs`#c@Q]_/~|ɶ~$Vm*˾ _¿|S\`]?[pzQua||m[51u<;]<HDΫYѩm͠*s֍ZZoކ&xl\24vէW?u1b &4ˎoY-*{B⃣ƷSoW O{wW/ oxw ݕKKyX+34/m仍*ۈ&Δ# ղWT~n J|7 L#Xj[nX ANݻޗm)]NL۫`Q' &rhy3UႿ?m٣ﴂ`F\Fu[s 8V>R[eoۭ~Ue{d_hw w<ǧ\xw+4nϝxtV6G E>Wk<\Wq\s3F}J#~;0y0{mδ˜% {9yw\ ؛x(<~K31m /mEA<%c:@TNy:S7u~#NBo~Sv㗨5~ ?5_u `mM亯Jrw y|^ ="n΀-\g{I>^ci>h?3aNzE~X:u̵2?3k9G9F; JK5gAgX:xJue^r_.I 0 2L9AF^;Emd OG#opN'k^qOa/6F؍6%ִN|Bg ko j %YhEڵ'~{3Ή 9h^szY%ޠtLoُXx u[Yz\@) zd\z^V։=[|ixq+_sBɓF &`%:ǵ.(檢V:BWk+t ]5_:EȄ*cS<ۣ_oJWgNd_g(rԯ594n8wA^_sd,< kY`];^*1,1?vQz6R=߾3EwvK}dsΈ|8]=Vުt!~ǯG~K:a9xOP+>F(l/qB̳. On*x15L} ЏwhL彃sτ|MOޫo==1W21|͋sǙmO8%m/y~_G?##u6OO?x@OS7_=7sQO焏5DgfשJZO<:UI<޴J=:5U'>}n~EΎ|tN9c/cӹ~^2RXhQF m 1F=1.vy;Xpa/`^M뒺}zAw!+$BVhڠ~uv C-q6K=dw!O.ϠX#>=Xl L '4˦}<}v~4o 7ïu]ϖ}p-}l>nAfdE+d(]݆>K,,© Caroline Becker 2008 5 nineteenth century foreigners were still only granted legal access to a few designated trade cities. By the time Mateer arrived in Shandong, Protestant missionaries had been in China since 1807. 13 It was not until American Southern Baptists went to Qifu and Dengzhou in 1860, however, that Protestants first started working in Shandong Province. 14 Once the Treaty of Tianjin was signed in 1858, Dengzhou and other coastal cities were open to foreign trade, which allowed missionaries to settle in Shandong province. Besides its historic importance as the cradle of Chinese civilization, Shandong in the nineteenth century was very poor and its cooler climate was a welcomed change compared to the heat and humidity of southern mission stations. Protestant mission work before 1856 predominately focused on strict evangelism in and around the major cities of the east. 15 There were some exceptions such as the faithful and persistent Roman Catholic missionaries and the new British faith mission of James Hudson Taylor-- the China Inland Mission. After 1856, Protestant missionaries began developing a more social and contextual view that their purpose should be to alleviate physical distress and to correct “ the social and intellectual evils of China. ” 16 It followed, then, that schools were established, literature produced and movements against foot binding and opium started as ways to bring about positive Christian influences to “ heathen China ” . 17 As Kenneth Scott Latourette accurately observes, “ schools increasingly became a feature of the missionary program. ” 18 13 Robert Morrison (d. 1834) of Northumberland first arrived in Guangzhou on Sept. 8, 1807. 14 John J. Hereen, On the Shantung Front (New York: Board of Foreign Missions of PC in USA, 1940), 42. 15 Kenneth S. Latourette, A History of Christian Missions in China (New York: Macmillian, 1929), 416. 16 Ibid. 17 In a farewell address he gave before first leaving for China, Mateer is quoted as saying, “ I expect to die in heathen China, but I expect to rise in Christian China. ” Fisher, 319. 18 Latourette, 441. xmheǯg;6W.i06mRi)hl%EtJ 5mYG4,`aR$ 1pbf})腲q[aS<zy,hf%fẃY8?o_q}1c;O?tolv!!W t:8 S,<T2^I>ynj{g"e`hO7> Ӆ>yn%e*m9e>Go`>k[&vw'walu`:hEcﴓ%FP zÚrQ}=eRXs_!|V.3ob} z8fT_nhszQ21j݇p(L 7p,ӭK փi{y\[^6-ʙUȚY>C@tjRlOm`? zj~GSQ//ѳ>_7O'essJX=uylbM2@[~ yBބ6u04,FVMy<怇ZȬ7I%Q"$s $|>1e`38C+ Icr4ւa( ߪ}.opΞ;eګTk,ُds͟^/﹐:?__ܟz[j!a o|~,x 'O @'rO @MU#~΂g:qRJYꜽ=+#_Xeᨿ¶Ӷ߶ooheIQt\ט+ۤ~-׶e'<ԃOڥ4p$|#;?ŧ ۫ WY=v qN֣IpxL> k!['θQ׿^1Ͼ=C=|Ťw|̧س΍g΄>'wK>PM*>u>¿e?WlüӤgJgYJs|6 x;i?|=-~zoG˒ /x휐C޳mҮT{eod Ml52]kRVofC{O"k߭K[ǩ33ˉ>ӎfS&Mnz'_A|R-@T(|xI|h-p*Gz@Qԏ= qRy"Z^c0jZݢú:+ѿjKw _p|چkiv b.k+t. :]O.`Ldd]MWoU3rSR'wdob.,p*R%rJen3EmʲB+,^{\OhG3*㧾H멮]%qџiDn9M”_ DžG_;)yvyؙ Qg*VJ؃ݺ^lQ^MgʘΚntWN;PRw67覵!G1a!$[}VаUh;ҾUĜ0Sx;}[7 rV5v)/"v Agl~= YɅ=T7Se!z/ڪ #;(MWigƸm{.rc3iɂL+dL Zib.)>_|5E2z~R?4-Ȝ?7 VyQHa2iFםb>Y5Bc\F&<t< ǫ]]- m:iCa?b DW)u 'mK:.ܖy{(+ /ضؕyb<8۸MbܞUBKwpu9$q-L~‚cDv4xv>˳8։5J]+/y\+%cqngY4hUFĶ\;v+u#mxξ}N{'SJnc~6 Ef@tk~-/2k:<~ix1^Rb졊pP^AE5yUqXp9$bmXLD-FY*{\kڠx +gy.X}lt敛6T=N^x(t>Cw{p~\XcY6cL tE< \]tqҜ` t'6/vOC1߽x;Gkq]pښbh嬰` _Zǃx+-ߨYne; (Έܱ6Ğ 2SO61tOI_+ =:=wΑe'  yƺ"se"w Q?J.(u&R=ClÜ6 ~F?)mGby@6VV V Dc}p?,\u>X!*ٚ.s):wCբ?c c})i΋K&tP lsxԁ; s*Ci.`n+ŗ[U> >u}QKeN]8=85g7ʪ=,k ^'KY⎉=:׭kp"Y>[9M239_֭:~vSg %#6%+>c“6ӋzqS|~c~wT1n?izј?U"?[(6e1T^srlIS垔fp«Cʰfҟ|iKT&#5BG k4sh_7~ xn.cJ;ǎ~\{|Jv̓6Ąd|he9YCЅƥL<^NB_Ff٠:HC\>@sH%4^O^AUp.IK^K00P1U$9V~g''3GÜ2^q矸 7^D# M:'M}朷'mΩ)<؟幊 R߁/1hkx0VڎkdLt-%2eD\fݏq8mA{cl@8b\-xϪTb\ qU^6.ޥv~?Lbv~1<}@W yTϝs /~A9Z|:=7 뙚wMTӨjӸ]{rMtDb S:`T ]Z]yտZ|X}Oπhx]Mj}xcFΗjKr J~ಜА3W:9-L4ewosg\{t Џ/4ux,b[,|X64ln-wQtb܅!Z_zy^v _z+ޒ"PAdD-_]B).ĝ±N|I5=R։;3(;SMr0^g,bGlА {U sU.`lG_}?$ۑݳ;M϶S-m*`É>~.O9м~Y`:wal۲G$Ì73ɲ[6qJ S?qP@{"*F+ ?_6%R!^I!@圀Fҷ.޶*r>>Yx1Kszc Ľ2#?M `F[u9tJg?NwO~¼hEg 8\ _GL [͉˔rxN@#~ﺜ)ڑ fYq"??]. +p&H|O"bzN^iOB ^R} ^#x^8='ӹ#:cOm]76 AR{tJv1O>`x:[ڀLXT/<̛=J`X>ç<->mR:;ьoڽocsX!ZCOi{`w޶ˇllfߗLvβlАMZ 3L`\|,qs"D}D>=ގK߳{6} ÂsU@o.WgOoyaocvem>xҷҳV#޶lWUm?d}oC MU`s}S~'X`㛫w=^ָ;9*wr~zwr7u障)}$:}s.V磸[󜔳횸cf:rf|t ?ք4sFx"<sD krs}G=9O7;(/8xr\gNVݝ-ꣽ:Rʼ/h m0!,Pa`!@NhqP3ēYPh+:C*|wM̠^ψUQ?Ss$`?o[+쌏fz%>L_l "S:CC/0nWxΒv#ͻ&q56n-" } K8vP-{qgޓ9Ȁ̸:6#xryk {JYAħq? e97 \۞)uJbR8O;?z<1t=4yqm>-̏-mX&"~.RCCGzn5ΈYOȊZ??; 5.ۅ㽪^A|u^X3mD4P]i] v]oF>ƷNu=CzɁ<+*䁆>S{@?)cK:y%}v<6AyypP8{㚻 ypH#Ùv[{  r`$;5ϳe[&{ƶcp-92/tcFu{Y:CCgP DWS{ʖ35Z)AoaE&s٩yc#]%>JQ)4|u>]Kˋg\W0>/tB?526 {#Ͽ!F3 m~)W{ 6SUG6p)+;?#-s[rBCNNNukswT{LfsdS#;xE'_S 6w~8h?;{zBkh1COǾ;eb|deI pun8ǦoJnߤlY~hȯԨh9oķ,#6A<1vm97) Wg~XX)4ʄΌ8&=!t1ÖpL;*dL jW'Ѧ瑯'zB;=ϓnؘO8N.p,8h\kGe{P9ɧyޱ9g'\vܮTV>s{@f6hosd2{s.B ;XB?QUrܼ~psT<(\̋o,YuShçaҤԇv>-feh]E\x. yCi|E@k+>%H>tJ ֛4:®#]u,=xޑ x2~#F{Z 'wp$N8o `a@ ܗ Cqy!J6ͩ 6-1M-><h pM{xÓ/E?]*ԯ=|<7X7lN۲ R}y<޶clmzi~v64 zlQTkL~xu 6^7_+S<yxs1Ow̗mRUg OZ7n|i ;L0sN/\24UkSbw'U~;,R2H9*tz ƖE.\.z߀vzힲK\ Ǫ`BAC>tOn|1'>9r Gv{NN#{r2g{!xо*jMD˳K>S<;S{^~`Fc3d7|!GFɇ|,'4䔸rVNoA䣴 -,,© Caroline Becker 2008 6 In January 1864 Mateer, his wife and fellow Presbyterian missionaries, the Corbetts, arrived to serve together in Dengzhou, Shandong. It was only three years prior to their arrival that John and Helen Nevius had set up the first American Presbyterian mission station in that location. Mrs. Nevius started a small boarding school in the fall of 1862, but it only lasted a year because her poor health necessitated a move to Japan. Even though Mateer ’ s time in China began in the shadow of Nevius, his life and work were not restricted by this juxtaposition. For most of his first ten years in Shandong Mateer traveled around as a peripatetic preacher to various small towns and remote villages for three to four months at a time. On some of these journeys he would travel with Corbett or another male missionary; on other trips he would travel with his wife and many times once linguistically capable he would travel alone. As communities of Christians were established, Mateer stopped his evangelistic itinerating and focused on caring for the infant churches. Although he did not “ thrive ” on this work as Nevius had, he still felt like it was a “ very excellent ” idea. 19 Mateer thought himself a wandering evangelist, but if truth be told, this was not his gift. In fact as a traveling evangelist he was least successful, even though he devoted ten years to this type of work. When Mateer was finally through with full-time itinerating, he became a permanent presence at the Dengzhou Boys ’ School. Despite the failure of the school the Nevius ’ had founded a few years earlier, in April 1864 the Mateers decided to open a school for poor “ little heathen boys ” ; its first six pupils were enrolled in September of that same year. 20 Some missionaries considered it to be “ untrue to the calling for which he had been set apart ” for an ordained minister to 19 Hyatt, 148. 20 Fisher, 129. xhe?wn7vke.g`5iHr e[XZιiMgd$iеY$6JɕEXTFS A3^rs,ޟ|7՚٤,yplD;rxn&u)$#Rv{ }.$q`oJ;;1_=~%+@r-f .{w~ ::Oni*g왬=M׆pi0zڂ!oՄE`ļ gn1yw= %8amYGSwax%rwt^U%9krشN|uZO.78ըEi~ra,/yVW Pme[|0)!{=*zN=.M/7;ѵuɺ`>r?A.~eu8h  yh ]OL9pX$sSD;a/ώ&oe+{ Rkv!Og@k!X3YJ :ޥ;;o* _ڳfNw̦9w1pМ4L_3s8Yc5\:>v'NX Y3WLT=͂r+h@\@fcPfV" Vݹjtvd}Tn8Lkuup u!Pb] |q|ߚ.< T_$҃|j.^VoW/(̻. ^iNuZ-@=nF׼#Bs9N(Pk4_{fM^Bb;iYN栛7e'qX~~"=~?{295+d2gp̸LRTg,X6͞G IFˬ7:)},u.%wlǚHkeH׺Mir:u^ƥ3=^x:u" QMicrosoft Office Document Image Writer 11.03.2175.00 2008:08:26 15:35:51  n <(162/1 ={^xŜ Vy®u+Ɗ.EA_C"cVawj%NccIm(chcӤ-IMJglc'mZvtw{r/uùyy}ιݷ)˲[~[[l4]K,˯X,kZoȲnD e8SEO?_=9[sYs$ېe벡,ܘ _>]xd6_vD]fifO 9AJ3zvFB8|Ɵ)fmK% w}X,Ϯ BZ3=yrz6Y]n2IѨ2쁯M~鳻Ӻ Z49.r|Ƶ~=;`ssŒIY{&_6aYM2irI9 s}R3wNG/W{k3=k*Hj8|*NWЗd[۔G2Wd>{@}WO8qVYu91v?9wNsRt֫y-ڢ+W?4k'm)1@=rG'i쾽|3uŌ ƾW|Ce;&JW̜_t_Խ]-K7h[s [i&ٟ嚼&h@INkOg}K3\ 4ti}rs"#u=9lYBLKiXq:ܭ](_]ZzU.ڱRe%r*YgeV/ֿE 3*H]?9353rS۽[jwKB_2Id V3ZcgLvI7~_?{3ڸƇˎlW]}87ZhXmS[0Пvjbg׆PhPԆ#kq֥{BL"V ȕ9E^ֵ8UAU`4y>:t{ LP=ZzV pg]cva,t!Ѯ>@^ zѿNm媬ҩ_~=5wAA,ȅӲBN /N >ʴ/>_&H6jʲ.RG|R!`tSB5u!{'zק_)A˾/ޫu)Z(lN!Ά'U!p9#|v#K&1b<qĬx;)/ 8Z?h #GepCЛ]%Zbl2,Gdj1X0n% kM.kC۠o [Dn$llQ23FňR)]S[c'Z;c臝ۋk'!txZx3~a9̛`=;"tiֲ}R}^xj'+ޮRۤ~iXkWD8Cw?ʹ:},;)i<.Uc.|]ňT;[bwCp9ar5m. ڟu~IZ;Ј9?[!x,TNb0m*7YO4 ֗Tr =/:u'KTQC 07?t|TV2㚱xr)ϵyynprl41O\W7Hc{Uo噸s[ 50i˓.T<.1R46FuΉj[EyNn`l^{O>=_}ڗ{mчx*?O2s5C xG̃#/|ow9o~[SlWE{vT׃wE8~=_Kmo\3/8*#яyi‵c Z3hLn/^+PheL],-0K*@\5XvAGjCr}XyAp_'ghTSo7bW:Ï{ YN_IB5csYrW:93&'i*(VR}e8}L3v''?)#?1+ ;AZǽmةkǃK2B+NJB";|0C{&Kc]E^Pl}N5l隧M}4;ۄj#}ޤ;zye\qO{ \Ȁ'O;~ܴ\Ŭcg\Gʼn oW >"(~=5N9YfEQ#2MÔkmԎ nm9c s_ZAg47 6vkR(O|bg?,BlGeAGP#\@,-xuO?gE!W[㎋+R!9ꇎĒs5589ؤSr$y)G ;շN~phZ|'I5Frg 'O٠=cg G?lc[a >'`Zsʾ[gMē:#/zrnyNkR].Aͷ$eJHݎ'2`jq(e69׭YY/#@ >a}A䳲^WԷNoƊa߀Z}v|N<_;%.oO±N]:ڷ<צ9&hu6#X/}M^iv0O?<: ƒqc!\[nG[(\Ƴ%X%7/[sM3Oq:xްq)aEC}g+= p6!8xhagWXF{cwɇ _B×jj}L4ONDgٱ:171||r@c&%#@?L/t /x'e^\ mG/}m󪺍|%Ðӥ#y?Mf##gX7 g*K; c3`X oT C.>~3OnxY4S١cT v Ш~eo Cgb{L]C_G-cg 9!r-8K}{U z3n& [ *>pZǚ~E ; /r녎\]36mvo~l%`>:ZyY !=E[/͟^m -5!D"lhaK%xdI2aϝʝlАmɶW4֤+AT o;eFjߢ0.<gt9gtqp=K@|֓Kc؇~iIyCwΐmό?ύyMQOESi2`l9_os1׽\И8T³j4U4d,Õ>͍2@Cil vE2^ʕz_#Z`"W#6k?~ 8Gu<6̀/ 8_c'R@Î6Ѯ ˻'WXy8"zYY!i'-v)I+Aer^i"z*8l3|l'G3`fAƳn YY]նOxp^gѪ7JsvOaX~HڿI2?H5utvpj!ug;s=,U3y\a)ʶmh|mE!r1O''N-\^o{#N&lT?CoI'>t]| {e:~d<>g CL/41-+yx966n+9GJgvT<-\.\jz="oviyΩuܰ;:޶ u6g)R};z; ʵC4M}L zBcj?ӂpc;E;g1ڲ`to=C$B>>P|Ck{'4xr6yhc{@aߗ)GvxQ@SFm#N=&\gvɁ<_!ySMY*OV ;I-E5r1iXu:P'={]ĵo!.>'.-ZTnG<-\puUv兒Õ_/` l-Ӷ ۹CG}dG+tU~NA{ Mx#'߶A~ ׀L˥[L_Q} oLE;9ΊvhHq_3"[ j_txMث"cg8h9 u)󟣾)Z y_8beWe 7VM99;d?ʜhAXobV艬?68l^t@n 4twzUg;"<$/JC4bvAvֲ~A ˵oӺFPlb+ CHo\rпI}>~}|'4xjKpT}⊼_*NW} W'h`͍c܆ή@G 54~=N sy'4x6_]d_b cS#w.>ro.x>]x(׭-BT}^nGmw-ݣOs]w4'ss/yg0\D1O,KyUېk+\nu1ע⯗ɥxvS)UϾ#l#+yf7k몰+y:FGrrXZFF^}\/9>fƦ95xǞe]]C_zX^x}u IYj׳uBcq~5GUKSk9,uî*(zGFr@/2`PGgžʲMl7ai6{#曚Q CsF0#=pV3-`)AB=p UȤnN$@~ij܏-iw{ݻ9SwKK;QTwgk^~?ZXAX*owu%xX& _SۦuCЎ ԜYp ̄1R{?E{[[f :v<4SеWugILquʧSGoFkngIqh\ݚWDH1Ou<1nj IZ.Qr_\'I]{5suy:~Bh#'Y!]rBCNlP'/9cnq>ѹ2Kr+ K$W.N++s2}wxOw{;_mh!'+ˉS}ww]ƊguYkٛTQZfuOl^3f:Ԧ@w3u_R]Q_j|P89EZ(|s7<6R \b޷*68?rNt] Rfέƕ[śC<ӯUHE7<>`m G  7[r ZhY.68/DjӜѿȕg׊A'Թ,2z}e=@NiY1;qx="y. =eZ=h6rY rnc,,© Caroline Becker 2008 7 be involved in teaching at an elementary school. 21 Mateer ’ s educational philosophy, however, encompassed a greater vision for his mission work in China. In a paper he read before the Shanghai Missionary Conference of 1877 he spoke about the relation of Protestant missions to education, saying: The object of mission schools I take to be the education of native pupils, mentally, morally, and religiously, not only that they may be converted, but that, being converted, they may become effective agents in the hand of God for defending the cause of truth. Schools also which give a knowledge of western science and civilization cannot fail to do great good both physically and socially. 22 Mateer believed that education was important not merely because training in western arts and science would provide a means of gaining access to the Chinese upper class, but because it would enable the Chinese Church to be self-reliant and strengthened against local superstition and the influx of Western skepticism at the grassroots level. Thus this type of Christian education of the young restricted both negative Eastern and Western cultural influences. He felt that the Chinese church would remain “ weak and dependent ” unless Chinese Christians bore the responsibility of producing their own Christian literature and the discipleship of their own people. 23 In this way his overall mission philosophy resonates with Nevius ’ three principles of self-support, self-governance and self-propagation. 24 Mateer ’ s educational philosophy, however, added a fourth aspect to Nevius ’ theory: self-education. From the school ’ s inception, the Mateers were dependent on Chinese teachers. At first the locals did all of the teaching, but the Mateers eventually took over responsibility for teaching arithmetic, geography, 21 Fisher, 130. 22 Fisher, 128. 23 Ibid. 24 Nevius, Methods of Mission Work. xhe?mwnY@.wc"XİSZ"~lӨ%m(pcM0keäQP`noעۢy>y{nE"V-.|!Ϩ\eAе8Y}wل뭲)]r`QÚ.k~?PmɔN9[{pnʍ?/3Ӂ=HǔK̲.&ŌHXV:2 5+s\K9Xoo|;KΘ,J*b^^'mW9~Qt05ws<,##\*Ɍ]μauI\P\5+d"r[->/WW1ɼx^V<87޵yͯfB35r>36WA;HI\ǤBzA^_NZT%ӥ a )YaGZ8<4f!QXVͽX#ph̽`5y59'G9= ҒnplyE4JHX.`.~1iw7 k7 O@8))p{A+Vv2杜}|5XI?{֒?u{h]ڗ6rꛍSRc/O0.wL#YCXt :qu;l}>`0[A5ѵf-}Кz~l٘lGڿOcV1w1?9TD6Y;ؿC{sBpBƺ-7+{mjw?~;wvv~W0\|Microsoft Office Document Image Writer 11.03.2175.00 2008:08:26 15:35:51  0 00(168=2n=/018q{vx͝ ^Uyn6Xeݘ:] ܆D$6mH"6)Sj(4*Ldb ?C%:2`qw޽{oEV7<{}su}_$-.I>CMId*gEOO%N䩭I> RtL<+!]$zI Iw1YlH6'/٤|f ՘$\pxOڨӚաI,g*UFzzx/U}PH˯BP@JIs_NKU^d@$5}啺] %2OHx9/4v={TޗI KI>Z\~M$5tG'_$~jI 71*ymN*lFmǟwӓo祿gg:Wٻ5X8oD8ޯ 1h؁b聶Ö1<5pۻZϘpwOejOV:MV.CemL\ 3h҅Rý*1=>)[O4t'MKfŃU-]?]/xGG.1e!Uo:Yp8$Z|=~|L`Z=aNk)1&Љ4O;z8&^.ɠhd7&xd<\8cRU-s]k/z~.y}̯y'کJښV59|RǏ qpU~~N]FMʓ{mH+n{Iʑagk*u*R`*: }B#iwƤ}\;8|htNFۚr ; {s?hKLC~/upkhMP/‘+ӕ3.XQ.Q+kEc%/mTPb=mDOnG͒nS57unMtcX)M1 ^2+a.f /k9su%cX87) l/%M{LBа8WTYv+jFsy|hLD>ujWOh-/l'4xBv}a Qwl?С_@4͗E̫khq;^{c}HJ|?+zW|ޤq6]. 럳CBwT=aKS. d776\_"2$R2#%M{DZl"E~Bnq+s˲~AQsl%(;W1&9;]ɕ;f 3 t%@R~_R.~sԶJE+r )y֫-u:Z¾lߢB|E`[>Ј5C/(gguAN: A~_)WЫ_esPW.j]؍yaayү#o-}*u9*ooyUv!Dٚ91 ɺc6xDS%zBCOtҳ[Wx~G}C'~ɘ*JMd T%y `Ėk{wɘJ>6s- T*xO҉Pg\2`fő#gV3vAdgdr9{as[ rg mY|ס壟}?"pOdBC\0V7rnaIbU%`6mxNhg/yy'|)* ၶ_o Ò36!Xs7t=*Uyg=q1elqޚ+etQ~sc\"r5w!YIGte* ]ѿJWyd]$zno.gOKTReo^NE%8Pu>t-̡̟3S39N-b 1ۄ, ۱!dIGsjckJθixAoXRnS4pĄ| 9 vak9` _ b' TW4v]8r36o=Qਣ6&Nj) DihwG!8NLj~g[KxB'ʿId7|汎vSLJdCŞTM~ H;&5pK9Ѯ Q?9w58kk N?'`wc_Ў<guaF_=F/~G^3&(ʮMMяcv៏'{6}cK6֞C/~^#B_x}7-[y򥺘'(N=R'?ԷKP>~Ex߮wc8vD]n˱I$'i5%FfU9/C饟Dħ\;؏g 3j'yrxc _-ǖAXyy;oy\%qoYٵ}`w|[ptEE34t6 b1p.kX 9id :@Cyj[yvyF an""zU6n97h=g'g px㓥%2!C!O$MWsLIfer=BTq'39˺px ?_h--č25iE@zt _9l2>Ōy]0Xv} n]߄]c;817wZy9ǔL,:/[iC_h4p, :4ZlȂnC?,pI!,i\81;/:f_d@ۭDsry\_g=UP;;_rhqV1aIB^R֟{pUϹ)h rB= ;Y7{ A槤ğ"-l fo0G@Nsn:Iuz<І u-4<,xx#>'|&^ ġݢ䘿t1c lLe٣st2s4'_齃zsGp:>|OI;۶d8:~\@~4|E.GCJݓi=X 1ڇ=  ]l?8l𼥄'4x2U^!1Kuk +U|CJBCnUɅ{s {edBR&s2`2cFV`!dkUa|WU9nU2LV*F?Ѿ7Dvb㕸SәJdACd9 _'x>YKQhQœbƬjo|_[Ϋ-ȆZjC< N&?Jd@g2r]j`)yGԹI]g0h":l0TQDn3SЬssHc$Le1а}wESw}w'~8sR+. >InQhsV}q>[5=gO2ridfnγa>s;5936\{ 4[e>7/~U[n΍_7oWY[h킚$o_yqRvg1?{[gPQ>%((?dLOd2TEnhHնE od8b8x/MyqɏXBg/u|5Kv3Mky;&^>-4|QvUycSZ,ZpͿ`gC~p.99_KL/k,>j[e=1rΏ>Ϝ{%onŧ xgfU3oZm驒a;I9Ύ㋝ t<җ>@gZT#i /ڢ2ho|L|LWkhZ.5Eڿd|ob WUeho.'w(>6)do(tD64d8lecld+κ8o/ŚjxL1$e:VkPagwwy¥!<$o!~؅5>󎒾,9_XSΗם%TT{WAܕج9hoc V`3#}HlCQhCߪ-2v-C,:}X Njщ̿¬I >@mFOt> ]%:AC:sT*̽2e8k>7{&F=EhGDW\^ž>z ޷#s戆Enx;:~8$Jtct mNO6 w38CLwWWlo}~q{J1wY {mἠOvg2ƜWuR7?yegA~X=ȃctnmciO[Xn|dM%)[%8 _{E!W(]8ͺ?`h W<$@-NE98Iu>+؝?g }7Y׌es -UY4|GqHC|ez|=kkvdN\.e5T|gU+ǔskF=?CymO)E\C9VC!G;ЖqUcH_>Pco [|(ۉlt@n>+IhQh4a#@oAU1nɏ? kTg-M'co^3{ m7w^.`%vA.b[eWh\wdT׍]oS6k7yMEysG_аz7xw}mT r93[[HO=[Ӄnƙg fuS 1@㵡_ ZgFǹq9:yohjrs i]bĻ>эi^3{f Kg{2ߨъ VKW\т]us o h<ÿT߷ϒ͹64aemZUyix]&`qy˜vpğɚR|O: 0G@<6\ '}W?G >S!dۯܧsCd·#??ʛ;S-0ay_wdM;iOU,EaG=p.oIg.~&>_򀵒,FItF~?4'_+Z]w=oA>D6z uvA[HzI܊AC?ag:}O6Ӎ{Eۡ[ԶJ=;/썽/MSPy8=/ӗF*>6 ׮:=ǘvR7{Ms_ʼOm-sM ;XhG)\nѰ1/9ٌ/_ߡՒ6w|Чa#>6'EߙF?[V #?hKP\!7'>Qot8,.Y ¢a (q6Y;{~ wo©,l%q_1)9=\ζq" /lx`#{e'E{a/<|Y4owǙə=hkWtBx{F.4n;m讓;6J\6V . x}<|J5jO|ܿ9gw l9F;:_p?5-5uᚶsEO:A`qwoS -?&(sWlL~ķR_T] s+"<̮aF%w[m#/wh#ąx]lwx_#3cc~g"MLf_n|{vMLCZOٌt9s3O x=G]Ӗ44lWą6Dц<Р13;[.A>fqw.o2Rv3':m1`s+vxol?P޾t|5+tGSȥ=LVGkI<b%(G{g l'_gN)=fs?SӜW1obyЖ|VTwƶY5~ e줨aI.~F1 og~OjVzl f>]-T :V,t/g`As>1v~qB}\8:Nέ)v{Ĉ 'ibx  (>iVN|7/ 3/J9λGy#xoQ;K& 5]ָ\p7|=/P.߃T{8™+He q~s_r|t20~(z7F;󤜛]SGoC ܗ}y:5>׻?hӓErKr9Y]ZEٵ ЉvP_N,,© Caroline Becker 2008 8 science, and Christian doctrine once their Chinese was adequate for such a task. Until his dying day, Mateer held onto the conviction that native education in China should always be conducted in Chinese because he believed that missionary facilitated education should be accessible to all people. The later top down approach used English as its medium, providing education for a limited number of upper-class citizens or those who possessed an aptitude for learning a foreign language. 25 Moreover, Mateer felt very strongly that an English-centered curriculum would inevitably decrease the standard of Chinese scholarship and compel schools to sacrifice their Christian distinctiveness. Mateer was named principal of the Dengzhou Boys ’ School at its founding on September 25, 1864. 26 Despite initial setbacks with students ’ parents forcing them home and others dropping out, the school ’ s enrollment steadily increased after the first year from twelve students in 1865 to twenty-two in 1874 and then forty-five in 1880. 27 The school graduated its first high school students in 1876. 28 By the year 1882 it had become Dengzhou College. Over time, it developed a more selective admissions process, enabling it to successfully train serious students. The reputation of Dengzhou increased so much so that its graduates were being recruited by the Imperial University in Beijing. 29 Mateer ’ s strong belief that the Chinese Church was on the brink of setting up its own independent church was tied to his conviction that the training 25 Henry Winters Luce is an example of a missionary who embodied this methodology when he came in the late 1880 ’ s. This was also true in some of the work in Korea where missionaries began by teaching Koreans English to help them “ advance ” away from ignorance and to a higher social level. 26 As was mentioned earlier, for the first ten years his role was that of an adjunct professor who spent most of his time evangelizing in various surrounding towns. 27 Hyatt, 168. 28 Hereen, 228. 29 East Shandong Missionary Letters, 213, 41, 2, 34. Calvin W. Mateer to A. J. Brown Nov. 14, 1898 x}LuϽH\._ e2dFNL4a9sikbۚ,hPafjfN/mP9ϽO>{J}99F$]F+LK7"JS¿+v ?l+74~aO5TpMղo4s{r%c)v9eٌ8 C幎3؇2l? )p7lyk+,nѝ~Rc#}trrX;YShz9t-0HvC-I _>cWש&++h=yRa3Sl ^]tOK{{,FQdyLX">wụ? 5c_ŷ}ŧk`liT}v֠ &p^k:Pкo1.ݏ^;YsUг؅$oҚ][yx[=2hOj9$$c!ozB}\IN1pzzi*獞tr< ic)K;ʥ<5{: N 50S(y+`< J%D"/MByZwZv_z8"ldY F _׺gO3D˳0Xt:!dӼL5jVo_:C& ;[-0bo hOp3TYnx^@bHgC[3y[$w;?Z<7&W9^mWEӹF;~=j׌43v-۹ϮoS]"{<zLo $bc(16q2q/c1k{`x͜}Wy. 7dh$wNL5VDIWHLYX`奻 h0 ͤ2$IedԼh;#MlJLNcS11?~wr:oy8>9ys9~uIlK;Tє$W4V-K$]tG.ymUSmOf"e_$G8wV^>%!M ɦdk &,dC36*ui+hs*j]3zx/U}WxŸ=R-HZIirI,M6 '&<2=oQ 8-dӒD}uzrKHT %R}m>irR% tUkrKS꓌LdޘEd5gj2"y:':3mOOOu}7Cv_LQ3}"u-m I:Zio{nbe} ׫u.]J߿h.ҽX9v]B($QTFS@\7s3Fڷ<9>y;#~@bG~P>*9zJ0~"|Ȼq~?) jTT?Q>˧#M}mYKd[)o\9xocb]/hz{{hködMw5m-Sɻd,AT|~ MViG_ @I<4x@ݮ3nI"gnj/xQ9^Z0[σ/kύUSbZ}Hm{D Zy8Iz ͮ,'X/iRiH`lNZlPMnTmXǎCunZ]ۻS::^7jg|~xࠁxuxPr1?'/[Ug؞,y1.8|G|│MS{AY oqfEAI銭Ӷb^pML +x _nTJ@*vOdMv(<^/6*6c;#Ķ%ۮvu|=W vJ?|DOh詢RO__X#4 Je5f jaάI6L5h;~=mc<6]х逭>x- ]Vy=*Sɼ)[=> ;Nj;}̎k:a8 v)Ώ'c=,Q˚qp*[-LS9(kQ5:-|LpV1\iP18;yl؇:9 bݡӎmkݗkG%vԮn-7e{;m `byǚw Bpj~ br{3Sg۲='vNxnS'N! ⌺x!hTBpQ5^о пLLü=%3dzb'(vԿJ;2^?1N}^P V7XSUeZt b;A%h>ѻ>e1@h`v`@a('4ol:(<2ӰK1d"˱ v9>$ugА;WɊ/+&DQhXrqsр=֟:mc.Oy6[<ʦ}6h {6aя:OѵS@ 8Z`r5}ϝ%\VɼGm? <֧'L5' ^+f5qǺ}k]#le>`3Q;6~]&) 4l"Ts90V1YX.nu9zvpܳ{exÊg/D:]ű1"heZEz(S=e8{g !pDkNik=լ][da=z:Z|!ng{5@?|l\cR2.К>6⾮C/r1ɼqi[u!>&.T$nnV}hdl~78#r5)A_~ڟy3mxA'CZWۄҹim7}h\_s _Ɍm: kgW\+6U6# Jw>v8;]&38'O$ }knjc=t@{})Gۋ>w|c:/kbx#]u!^R v-dpéQZvV3lim7ڎ!@ݦF%`:ٶ.a+bȶ&`) :S/||L oC%}$wОUu|T>;SgQ' OL@gӫ|e(d{@lba8i^U}:yZĪ3pV'3V&-U{ljaWIc"7x r&\GE#3CBIyJk4WÞ {Ù{;ɥzzYuDX;9)sss1LlCcO9/mcp͘=Ǣ/o?3en|=Kݩ6'~Lc (?*X#5~R??ԷGP}BE{۳A5aID,R8֯DY{Ku3Cu?}Iy޽})|HK%~ʉ@}O3* &>(Ưkzf*c ZwϷw5 ~o,p8ýqgz甴}"y"][Ɉwn lm43I{k 9\y8$!_QE䀧 i<|ikRǴ̔ȃm}iOxcҵ&>ᐣGPCO }?f]>qX>SFZ7_b?xCozHYחE6kPu!;Q9vw ?ulQ7 pd]!W2"Y!d-Ϙ39߆D^@/l_2Uwy _hUQ)/:l=ba:"Xux[]Q߆FaeulF٨|NKG\"l5ms)x*t :'z!ZPB/}ge9C< b3J䡄/=:,%o=$( NjpbYC; w;p%z,>{E|%R둱uJXc dkV=4#wu!$4zS%:BCb m08{E;Bc tjԾGQGZu1fc/ 逽 ]4+uY!#{8`TAgS>ޡ1vt2hY96l0^<_mpU2-{DX{x} <;ᬋoӅwqtowH@{xqa?8ncPqļm;2qG Om*_PsἉ>?f e̿,xe{ca[cS- 1mccx~|;l _h~=j=A*&,6 G~vKx6g1焲ϒsp"68a3(mSf{!m(`\|*|Wv>g+/ tm}ƉTx>sI ;_xS2:%󚶶v/۞X>GN6ثT&D8U-ZN8`mT^ ;R#?#kkXW-#t5ۢ3;'^DX"O[E {bw}}%wb#cQ"u<-4D|#с&:@RݳF6'ln$9NItg{JCٽ?{"3qhj9N ĥaxIOe/S֩]zEK1O𼣄'\,W y>^<br'oq,}TJqbgG>#A&11>.F11Uvh-lU gerE{0_iHl3}+cԉ/ǟKcn/cv+X.'5vh_eј]Va ti_ȷ[Rr!+%AC>^|Dcgn}cc# 9dhh#hȠ8GO/xjdž_A}"}?%R1s,]; qȅYc|N.wLUūf?GC֞>a)?Gx?1UZ=ukIǰqvnvh0D+*c{ACpfkz|T3qzN-l52KILBoV a};|n-/&A22KV;KvY״};Vd=4.ߣ{ JG dw4hKL/﷪la9d1Q'3szdOA12PP}0ovoj)سwj`~?Cмdz+N~~[k? ;';8@g*_#8VeH`om\_/g mp9? Ze?o#7kwbU sٚ5h>Lv]lАM"V&g20cP~_ǿٶ覶KבY,۸~;>wLj8u7 []Hn 7-cwr)LMsKse\9 >̇9~0+#VRNw[[Fވbݙ7J=qoe`G׽ON629ËEj[KzG<}gd~>W T~oPoU W!>_Qd/Ծʻj61WƯ\m֒{uaб t8Em,ǹ >|D{+s?=_:ee|u;\mT<y1.uc,|Dߡk=I\yƟ'4W &ZZ9n<׈_/i\L;ݬ ;݌;*cp.?7"}/Uyp~?ٿ^5d1';s⛱|ű1c,{a:: NāD/h i}U,,F© Caroline Becker 2008 9 of native Christians was an integral part of foreign missionary work. His wife once expressed their goal for the school as being “ to enlighten and train their minds, to make them strong, manly, self-reliant Christian Chinese, fit for the Master ’ s use. ” 30 Mateer ’ s ultimate goals of self-support and self-education were understandably recognized as long-term prospects. He once wrote home in letter, saying, “ If properly founded and supported there is a long career before the college ere it will have done its missionary work and then it should pass into the permanent Christian work of the Chinese native Church. ” 31 Nevertheless, Mateer remained long suffering in his devotion to the school and his work in Dengzhou. Even when offered prestigious administrative positions at new universities in Beijing and Nanjing, he declined them because he believed they would take him away from his mission work, for he was “ also anxious to preach. ” 32 As mentioned earlier, Mateer ’ s educational philosophy included a strong emphasis on western math and science. Thus his curriculum included more of these subjects than most missionary schools. Chinese curriculum, however, did not have textbooks for western science and math, so Mateer wrote his own texts: algebra and electricity, to name a few. 33 As he wrote textbooks for his students, in Chinese, his belief that missionaries should master the Chinese language was continually affirmed. His own progress in language study was initially slow, in part because there were few 30 Mateer, 50. 31 East Shandong Missionary Letters 213, 41, 5,12. Calvin W. Mateer to A. J. Brown Feb. 3, 1900. 32 East Shandong Missionary Letters 213, 41 ,3, 1. Calvin W. Mateer to A. J. Brown Jan. 14, 1899. 33 Ibid. xohUuǟsf;t5l,w]̊պadCVdֆ6kr1\f3XS7Pƒbf0^L@h1Eyouޫs8ĦyEC&r,'.RfSL8od$:ԙpqǙ'"w2f "5}4%ȥ6-MPǿ6xK[N8bv[픳۴ _EZ(æ ./æVs8W6s '*s [y9/7'fT]K-B Dd5Zs;A'"s1?]+ ϒYz\Ip\UluKI#O{7ֶlns]Nrtvf1BD[M2D y8 VJ)wn3`̓ec2nzDL ;<e1I@c׋z.@+^csLV p϶>=ځEy>Z$ZYW|9_ys.gtV> 06[(x jeAJj͇WlynA]\ڛҘۨ]goGtu9*fꑽ&O{G@[/soYlگd_zfhŷ֙T_ׁ2jџq>RWt~g;W ={.If=`/aD{I=m19<]mA F%r,%^q} =Jr%x 4:s=Q7]w>[[?wߵNrVJc w#w^#ݡ"Izկu{@{ڏ~^'<7JDy__X>I@un8c|Y󊑛e[u" փ,;ZS,^qwr?lfk/Oƕ%ry]Imo\KϷ\sLyΖ|3wz^~}Sj`͵߀ \7o߀<Microsoft Office Document Image Writer 11.03.2175.00 2008:08:26 15:35:51  r t|(16p2/L1֗{ljx՝ ^UuL3 !LXk Cђ8cۨdB$<Ҵ誕@.꣍ .kiHv>hbUeVZQ9ͽ=ܽg?=}4v nn TST)>+pt0W9jK@B8$tbO k¦.l[B&X6/xu]OS}FFE0EKmNU%^kơ@Qo% ><}?sd[ږJYNp’Q~i5ϴ0IMk (d{ON =҃ Tu;.WA,MN wvk==W~v44I@)͓&)#[ c0'9X5@sR͹#f{u*ծqUzE_諩WBk6J]t\c/;$ڣ3t>(_fUub|ypf]ӣÀWjʲhj__c{x9io-oez?Hij|>V$i|;[;r1}rӯЯw잴/wN -kY|Zznh[Ύ6d Z&_: y\ӁfS'Mx;W(YOt#aI*QX|- >[zUNNG*#)x0N< xn- WIw|Zu/\nM:?jˌ%  ll4 t>1{Nؖ38E@,ybYt5xJ֋*|uyWhUO(C sʲ4ۜ6eY!+(Γh?ƞ^ZU|3Amꏴ;[$2?>|-T  >{ījqLo`K%dZlԿgMQEPy6)?֍O|#˵<ƬhArN#g =~;AYOh^WP_56^Y2*M y5a!/Ȇ.ȋ]GfSN6| u}}L=^_h{BLc\,)0.%_mv/R:9Dۘ=Sy$Z+FuƶNs!ǂ+ѿR5K~ɲYT6lvr;~HE1eGUo0z߬WEg| >A_fNqyj:ڨw #]j{贎:OyB+rt65.Py{ʉZ?/>?Oj|2_?3N;|\ < KigT^}ue5\|XwSxbOE ֬֝ȱLpz|Ÿ*x3v [cvucWL3:;i3`M9F[t]=o9ykÞǠ['r&1Eww {!o ݡ'+͏<^xxf o~yR4xvYnV;+VkO˺#!:b8b%:~NuL:ᗵMqM[ҫ[=Ry+\^ZƵO&2ZiU1j!Rk A ^Ѻi=#E:@_!>-r~KDc]Z 9{yUv\ KTq=Bzp؇~A~v3=r$vy?vc7(_˾o7[D{]༕ b^;L':" mC}#uN֣ >!:-l '$vgz`pи4Uc/>WJmPa?JNc#sO^xzO!|zd HVb1NQ"XE7F$ laR6u7~~c{z4ї؝:x|І1MQO969#6*?Uˆ<,<|S4?"ٟn87zg~%zC</CǙfٜ7wy!~oPr_u3ӿy]aY[lNX,G?w6^beWЯ3p|$)s ~fi9*;iK?lvq?̗1Z:ybyspo?G* 5x\JseO<'Tr$}UoqGeIc\M }t|ۖv4n5/lב'npШ/l/aG*l b׺\"w3r}[S(/oPڵ~|oݟgoŝO%!bSl7[6ۄkȳBhȣP՗{nR6l|Pb_=vƸ[g-zpb'dN|7rSDb qeq[򏵗t< a)Ul|ss>sB.[)F,և{:#O9.?rdxdTP q#kT=*JE +U۰IܨQK$ŘoQ{Ne8b']jJs5vt)[>nu>vt1Hyhoi<ّ͐ AgcӍey#ܶ}Ev+`Lk/J'?*Ը<*jchhE>uCwƠĆ9;f~B5>zDj@X坾,'z[)?ql;>|'wiv;mn |H6sy ;O6_m [nh87sz܏ozvum ='%tfg,p#d; N٩#;'cD;8ZF3CbcwNj9vuZw@.Ȇ~i\ZڔEM1>/W\ՍQ8T _>݋zvc%1(Kiy77U|+g =#t-u޾ÿKq4-u:X9Bv,vuvWL^'  s .8Gؘd/X!y!~cM4: /r;>Fw_3~13mێᄅ QOi~-W9f51WJ]6̩O=$<ƹ?x5,紅<̖qX4n}}/ٗ|f@:;$<>>MvCE2mw!84ze-}Y&='(. OSc6;t/e5?6GǼ=}aD8 @?/h*}L\ !bӚ&NpǞs5mʿW C>%!5foib{_|ZLB4E$d.!O : 4Po{=9j933fFY}R8VD}/i\SMwT|{W .c>-L@,~F~C7J1߄fD~ԇ}/b 33 42}E*F>#k. x7^uek)h__߅]| jEcx||Ae+wPkzƒ8#tP~M x=@\S҆u%nxZu8;̟R屌GNB 8ߝ-8_m{U8 e-\{aUw(i>1ͶkӠ/-4 {Sa/hثIm'Z&@.CFs!?8iD!sN SDsG[mkl񉙿$7fWM;tv8.׶תK@>c;?pʘWg,ق ] [kfJ+$d=ʋm}af`wvC}{;\>rxl{=O༶^wXO`C!a&9mdFOBϟ43 ٽ}`~U}'?:+ypdxH~=w|G;3,7:?~' U~8 3g>W? <-OҼl~>~vClL=_?|31|E>}yBLp_`?-k -Qp0}q!# $$oƃ.%Cjڦ6VH~hG|OM{Xrs|Yx^v;|;%ϓ%>Kd[ g;kS~8 o_@%2|̐YGrO䚵'kJ؀٣h})KZG$;:O:^h@:ƞ:1QȄqJ?Ԅ[4f7QbSK)=֌OhWwȞ_xurK^n3v&L`x4IyJ 㒝0 ΑO-E .Oa\TZa֡q尿>bSAt5h)L"$٠sEyn@k> ;i wr(ޅJѱUv͒ _,B 9εmD>VZCԾTT~7ݸu˘ͺ;z_)T~7W3bM87WG#Vz;SrKS'?~ +WP7~ +Wߪ_BTMicrosoft Office Document Image Writer 11.03.2175.00 2008:08:26 15:35:51  t  dl(16j2/z1rn{kxݝ ^Uy&v ۸nn|P7a!@E4$ M6&Yƒ`if:Re֘biՖ)L5j0@+m[[hbٻ&K N_r{s9{ߗ,ˆUv4d~GsFY:^ȲʕoͲlƞ.8 "˞QzgKl[vC%۞*!3K\MYm]_bIӊ6dڊ6תsz]CyEUW=Ng_o~s;ϮV+˳UVI|e=L&k {)gf<3ˤ{/L!Zml' j%+Oe{4'~h}_dՈ4ТL4$t |\TFfh1WS|dZ'uSЧ$7$lr6 6McmrZ ެjrOz]ZGuV4{{xW@[IP&~7_^'939]lBM.ۄI]l+OIs4Ź:+)~K=ĵ'%ҸC}mjֽٗoT/)5aS2]/j{X{h^_oki =3u2 6$4S\REmTKܰݩA[oiZ+{QݘkXU#*P|o'0pRs`yD+6aܨ+S7d76]u뿋5С/G9[t gb gG,AN@Y3^u9SSU4N 8KnS;C[]QV`/2O+Ms2kDc^1e^+9Ӽzq_*+ o.U:(M푶Syg qMi3 `._ٻԡ :]mϮW,$" >ʿi4<4*6er- 𔮶c:xؤ$7f;շ%N-uH<|Wmٟu5րv N{pE~X?G;hcרCNp3[<|F۶mT!0}jpRC+d!GlTfȻu5_iO/UXu\Oٱ tkcx=צK\DʉXtF>M!˾KoOݯtMn d_LOۙ?9" e‡wg+p{)8ӦoK(BE)wxggu/{ŁTzPGIsTO0VDзS#> l$N' 4+.WvʥSc,?i/1Q,Tήm6[4s d4Ao~M7hPͬ,{%7#Zkb.3<^'sMMq]I?Dby]9q')`, vbnuZa=9~`QN6o-gi#Wgʮ,ʗUt9>><(NvٵF_AOfFOlV+_@z- ߨu|-X\]^l9yF7Ь뵷`!+nyPvv>֯2b;ѫe ;K#neA*HnY'<?`2 3XB&Y˅l.9-ew?2sʭV30xnԸ:8h{ȈcGaP5&VfOF0p[#]h:лLLx+lU 7@~y=j[r~r0}o_A|sAJ!'DC hYr7>; g [Tf?!фn60hήOG!>Jw+ ȑ}›uj?ږ<X{C/qG /k婏f\7*W#Eߠ{?y1 wx-yOs4;>޹S%}:3#}mȽG#r& bCjxƦqC2޺Hq:6RڻCJst,^2Gz^..SEL0ST|z^=+kNGt{q}8%5*FwȻŽ5> wq}EVCVk;z E%we;0b.yaniR'j3Uk<\3-o~/$[b6MeZ SN^ʎoV*[fM$&*|[hjp1ѯ׫mz SKw <`\i>:GhNpۈ~DOF{~h=|BӃ ]pSy9O6*8UZT <^x?Cw>)+b {~Xa/ך\ΰ؏16ڌx>4k@3lpB_Зk`poگQ#ޟ-h};>d)炣#'fϕS>Osꃧ:$7}} Q,'~|+r؏ҩb21<TJ6d|QiV5gu %W]}껿{BX'0hR/ ܏sV}ZE~@f\n_| {J`uO\Y*͢Vܗisd-虾=gv›K:޴S_AVSzG9v?9Yr Un)\je6rt»c]e{2eb|r^@Fb[چ'>djxg+r/v킍?7M|ԥПC6f T?b>cVn+d je3 ̓44UA44vWx~~62,h]66ZOW^ >Vqh﨔iVTP7J66Iѐ֞P)c.Stj|}lõkuIMd<8ۮ{<&/ -ȚL)}[!rL9>hj`SLO1-;xR>-mg=YdܢbS})1UjJ -Yާ~dmZtjYw@JY. z|TSCى_xg}+* jZsTK>T|'0pJ8ƽF>c"6)X.&Ictgn+cבW(@:}z) HB+bĹ"'`<|i9ƣ`#*IY^|;*vxJAf,md7Agblz<# jmϚBܼCs`mP_Jݚ27PM,'<'Cƥ&.'h|9R'cl#mn16:GOߐ=q/mȲ^F~/!s`%9w߼ ; G|JL=<7}Vbw:U9!ܵu `!S/9ֹqQH%pt]{퓂'k?r snLO@WIi zo/x3Tδm هh#qmr1dB2^6`^Na~kw`y?qŻ5l_*sAo}M\ mh2bF^ʃyV yeZyYWfw WCD,3|RA6"ۭBAT=Zz7GХ?U|~Xrޟ}:*/Gں@U1k}AքoWu9fxQWgGx\OFWWxHQ2r./<\`wd'ӦϺA~B|zj:9X h{]^KCצG y5niwj_pD/靭E#ԧ{4{`ϪOAj,>ـئD̛}l '>Ie1Lj\-SNUP?'7yxc& OT6dtO&"s<gh -~~BTxo[u?#Fۊo/xiBDq%8sOM1oP!-7ʾTCeU[=*Uoߏn[x:7lK'Cvc 4~hў384-8~A̧dW}'k|}#}lѿ_ |?u;%y,'2[Nl3{X}侹Luu9F}buwJQF14mjxBG P5+ec8SFwBvh+QGx6JH,Kfī5f7GgϜ٫p]45#?{L޽a ݏ>+FWTwث\?\>>XgMN>h)C+'C@)&=iPKqGomԸ\kx~ua) T\巔-Eō}q/QO|߫F C!T7c/\p~겎M3U:5SeaG'MW(xө߽.7l~nž8:F 9\*)h*7}/|L%{N}'/aGv# +௲?2q&|]Wm"hD˜s?ʼn6~?8Yr~g;^Ov7̪|װ - Ωε Q8nUx`FΡqP9:^wXzB_/T qu".i]<<3P~Z:]˱ Z2a-^rfY^GEÏXNW }#RC^|ߑ>gE#'Dz.6C}˄NO 6H=+v¸:qТ`JQWhPq<1qL3wuQV=4[0S| ~xT}'K&w>?G8?=`+w t`yFoVMw#fB>=j; ?O4O|'3>5/90|qUX xt >O?9獃~}FLuB'8| 5vsN.Ods+ay|^ru8$sySϱy6Bokj 6Xd4nb1^jt}5f@׬[ ٷTX5Z{/)Cmr$4 ȁ 14m!,K5GAŌFƯ}G-~Ӽm! '0Fhx"˕ó^n vs #:5%1N}>A.|CxoX6h3=̿St [as4e/lknnj|F13*Y3jqh><2xY "cC7>vIT?=mX:6uTEQjƥ1]:= IZWipvm22k>8ެKt,vk1Fn G=s/Qs//|8<11ƃ<\6Ҿ-9ui|iï9wÏcCԌM kEUܮVP!;0doи:{U[W&[`WUuc7 >ȅ}ir {+r[if R8\-xGn"< փKV 3;µ`#x#nbkANNe#M&i-NV>EMu]y iM-4Pf>+(.) DBlY1.Fjwm.6swyX/ŻF}(V41򀜋z$,q퇤%Xī"/i=> ߔoM Hl\W{̺Ӥ nR{'=Mzf3չymuƩ7ڧX tkɥ5>wlku+A.AX];\W)3V[g~dӜ̇`syo%P ΁\bu]2 aVXu[9sΐ3A]xwZ66$L;zuFŠįtQ{W~[ȩs-Mr*GNy=,G{ >}̫c=j ],GnsքDϸFzMM |ܙArLsEAtn=EܱAzO!(wGAAx%ɒν{y9p6ۈOAVwV`XO`K@5Z 8xTܼݻ{x{gz^XXyƊWx֌'[scw;ܸ~۷WJ-wx{ȺxkxxLwhoMod-y4;GJ+oZnvN<ď1!`/vyuݣ]]A}juk^6Wy~!_߶Q>64.'6pb_ajޘ7)c%R$ݡoL oƊ"[:}5Dۯ͸kPDZ5pc S[8~1 G&O5c4A)L19T /)oN oPY==u[}28 4ISk}2.|GhjUı{׫u*] }Տwi9m'T=9>nomP)lWY ɉm:Rz8AҸ L˛4jIx)/!kZwrSƊ5>k]/hJWؾlkĮ(9kZ&ʆQg2C47fl+e,? ~M?wtrBaC% n5^Yb 9GzP3|P{3i*[Kەi7+vkZ,TNZޯu5/|eF ?F@p|N`gK.ХNP IDFrrR~Xq:j7RQ㫅YbW*De)9Z4a.WYuxϫԧ(+8d%UYV7M6W>.Y}F ]pEMDžy[bO*dESo~[) 9czm22YS?iw{ ;ڻ2:~$fv=aP}> .T]͚gWMw͸?[]]^sCIsaM4oy {cm OG,1v ܪ Tj㴮 ŧs=);Mڥ%u+_ﶡ^`_ronCYV3mgO+Y/%b-ܲSSm?UM-*JWZZȓQu.I)mO0OaZds@s'?#c@@<_\!n>#o'fb*Hq.F^*/UjS7֬|X7׾ig~whǫT?_UL'!I]:#(]䫊.Ͳj"sD^V{u"F4 >A_|9LCLÏ5%#oJuJ^II<IXFZݨޭөa}UGtA~: uBWlm\{0cM꤯lM~"mU6!.ɵ^v٢ܧZd}ANC7<)} v0p= bC18ƙ'c̋~8IIb|>6bp&fre*uYoS1S>ֆؚ}^Z_VgMmH>C&6yM@{>4Ɏ̱U:t G(B֧-a9lK= >B>o %rCN_%gp̛| /1ћ ?wn-](zj 4})MpdQ%]'g` ʼnx\3_Wx\gDy{ |Gya' <c2~n9;=-[.8W6v]%_=}tgto, n4tc^EUZc<3JOsۖEۂݣjnZQr`*9KҕW&Ց}"//w\.;g'gnhi??T˾.U>7`/$c{Gu~))ռ~r::U~RAu>p..9tvvUrvq_UGBYnґ ]ܸ7 0NcNaSrv!|vq(wvA{[/#9zh{Zn8 ߍm6<\lqWsuYg7ǧƻְK}wn_ _r/>~4,VkZX>z| h<|lt{} øϼxq1Jn U~O'k>x6L$mx~XS hriO-Ͻ,?0;%2`&65m9宜ܜ3.q]:3/ Uٿnڲkc)G}tIkӌw$/;)*O-%F|Ù;ʈ.yk<$>~ z/4Pv6Y.8]ެ΂MaU6a> S c >?hwpS`]_~ݮr0?G_}W'~h–lH*ZvJ]%x1E΀'>DŽydjl[aE?|[ /r)hggmUz3'V >|&8heFQZ|<>zϞx/~%4Asy^%ѽMݑb4ꍱ|3}Hϊ'~~xy7UxӬ83@?O}׈51NC9A,O=Gݖ_XW~t6L9F;2} KF..ܱ/8菔 x>J.`E!t=''o/ n4{s1b_P'y]%NK-ڶ\ތOJ胃W!2D=3eu Ej,O3^**y-n]7= tTBÆϕ#O~\|>|GM>N ?D)@{p?D3%Y|L <.9/Kw"q_ӠY6J[sj97ö^[gV(oyT-{$};Jc,z+&~x{ _piijȃ!sHQ/pGnx';u19,8ilUɄdJ:Ku}Fs@cHtI1+>=CɯcN>,7 ΢ 9StO{ZTlQǷmk &֑Ȉ n4>hCS&qEASU?}:c_WxpKKx DِwsK[U_8Tċj[ibC`giy:&}gz.O=6bwOT&F U*\L"nIf={ ٻYK>hrn32@_ۉX\-=gw>GiRLC|1qm#٫[t[%;aB.͹ aT=3fM>e^{DϷX8{f$yw֢#Kd7ڹv|?1o?C?V.kbږʆxiW^(m\577hv9f}cX}|us\Y^`g@vƐɘ]x%`31d;QvmWlOF;~ڰ-cYur }5s Gbt,1Aݹ?}hiS e5CsgjϟS'[qUcw 'p=>E;nc}бJPu9Wry{[6WI'n:e|ϕE+*.ɍ1/Q;l ?pc2tzsſ[dA>יw_Qop1W}y:Ϙ^2F.;/NX `mLQ. ώVgr#?z!?1ٚ]S<{>?~cy:yg y3>x?6֑OU&?T* GގwtE[dl-/r"}/ơ@ uQnzvqXz }Gkw2¾Ȅ؋ur.DP;8䘩UvgHj5t-X}Ozq`Gt-)pQcy]=o5uۈ>m=hn vJP8V~Uv.80I߉U,U%yjC*}½]dvH|q} SV6_=OtȖ۱!v/gdIn'T%?@ ynFl[ p-Rp.^! S?g.2Zo_^cdg27VGԃa~z~=~ca|/wCB}yЦ:eg`xu1?x[mil.of'rٳhǃ;~AmLJ:}ӺQb>vo8\/_9kG}G?Ǿc,a̝Âew1͝aWrOAVdCYq.Xwہ{Љ>6i+^_IҽM ɥg2-/ZiYx%9rO>)viBVFNe}MP23'{ZƔ<ƌ+v"l7JWqI_˶t zM?u~ z+e%6Ʃ_ 5|@XlQ媢O]m.f4FeV#{>y;.-oc%qmC-* թ_n%SӇ59hLyV~qLVE1I[|M'w,:ޯL͞gH gyOpfj=:mc⃘Ů'Mig=.G;׌皒qi_ڰ-}7/tqlڌ/yMKGSGR3`7tά-m'P{%<Y=+~R<&)v%1Ym#=;JowqL] 8 #D^ݱ}I}Bcߺxxq>+OI$;8ot8vVƧ.AǡO|^'SAoWDK;;Lg58o-$=[]: _l{}ޱLC|_X+O㚱hlAxOW:R59gjł=9gDw|7ƶȠ7i-;vAFl聞}lcJўKIWt3v2Kh-MOMnnETGOQ~5[CCKӰVoT7b9vqL;2v sh?$=*}\#Ԛ~xM=n-m7` x{w"W*oP8 ])QgxLYW1 } Xt3&z1&X[N}Y{ST;}v~Z} O~z=R YoR[ J~K{[#n}b#T.Ն͈49S!&>V`'U }Nnt- 8tnrhj&hݹ{l`GOLyuzMMogo]uVɎƶ;G =wG"_'+F2^)U@2(ԶD}3%COV$#S[YKwf){Z/GŜ(^<]w'bܹ\lE)o|uO.LcO*뭟iu Uyl5c u0㵴ִ<1 O?Ӥd1 v?{c/SA1C  [,([}azOb?oȿÛSO%~ ݦ 2[t5.L.WC:ҥCD-vʦ|!aS,,© Caroline Becker 2008 12 gets on slowly I am falling behind my fellow translators. ” 40 In spite of such discouragement, Mateer never let difficulties stop his literary pursuits. Language exactitude was always a priority. One of his more intriguing publications was a 155 page essay entitled The Meaning of the Word ‘ Shen ’ . Mateer was well aware of the debate amongst missionaries over the terms for God and Spirit in Chinese, 上 蒂 (shang di) and 神 shen). In seeking to discover whether 神 meant spirit or god, he spent over twenty years collating and indexing more than 13,000 illustrations of its use in Chinese literature. His detailed analysis of this character ’ s use in all types of Chinese literary works (i.e. religion, philosophy, history, poetry and fiction) demonstrates his superb command of the Chinese language. One wonders what else he may have been able to accomplish if a majority of his time were devoted to other linguistic projects. Mateer was an authoritative Chinese linguist, yet he was not limited by this work. In fact, viewed from the East, Mateer can be seen as a type of a Confucian gentleman; a moral guide with cultivated humanness who showed filial piety and devoted much time to aiding others in their own moral cultivation. From a western perspective, he might be called a Renaissance man, one who excels in all the arts. Like the Jesuits before him, Mateer helped lead the Chinese through wisdom and knowledge to an understanding of the Christian religion by means of science and literature. Mateer was very concerned with the character development of his students. 40 East Shandong Missionary Letters. 213, 41, 1, 24. Calvin W. Mateer to A. J. Brown May 31, 1897. #xhUeǟsݥMAVNjKR4-2etc'5̢r-2t\# _XI4H){vt?΁y.  '] 2Jb 'T8"ZHA\vp싸:ƹuNBgjF>Q  |D-{p~0v)hxBvۈ7,Zʶb'dYʝ| Ƚ~}Wt, o3?1V }mgHv+^:bJv0Xym_Ӕ3?LD;i ̑fb;i30VNKr$)dr[$)sl#v}~Lڪnk?&0#b6˷5ޘ׶s\ l}& dkSQAޭy< `Ab$XK%6@ fo"Gy2uN)mTV Kg$&c/wg@HKx. j[A@u4u~ڼ Obp\ޛד0T:[b7RcX] "t^s] {Ǥn<T ӌV\RWݣ{A៥$s?sn@5c]CNl $y _k@uMjwݯF4گX떴yVhAwejC/1Fl0s7&$W]`?X nO!eīu`*h>=؞y^=Bv!]X\ol,9|{{cl=̟v{^ۘe{[/s>{o,96Zhꍦhv+gv}#~|_~;w/~o:'wMicrosoft Office Document Image Writer 11.03.2175.00 2008:08:26 15:35:51  RL BJ(16")2X)/ X1b$bY{hx ^Uy]kdwCi V,`LZc7d%DIVCQiM%XRL`i :`VjqF-؈J{{ 9y}yιmʲlX0ԔeSɖ,(Uϲ,{m /@5egىnD*>#^9=\uĬlq>[6d/|f՜e\Ws~'}TLRC?I*hU zzx/Q}PH٫oA)e=BJ\I#=/3'GJ<8A-B͖5kkA0 4>׫uF֥s՗ %xp|܇w?pgt>+t.M:]O.`LddM:ZJVwfp73hW qp1Z*'CYm*rc0KZ(SFYV*+_WY[WXU!&xG;NY ;|m @9 Ekc?^pqqMwҲB/;'L~__~Ѱ6jd\v\m.¸Ȏ'd>dB5AC6s6\"`ʺbR5©n]zևnZ q>8\5 sfMmɞΛmW?xyDW;GٮlX}_88_S]hEpmUu]w̼TџpwlO?]S쭋u-X7Z7Oc4)ޞ>^{ 1ИlP"&7=eX]'}f.w$yHe1_\~ճY5~,| 1cL>҇vNy)|?<.t/7 & @/TahMʺdY/R"/Ե(,eZOc2iii+ UySu_&X1b,hlug4FnBW9MY~SX^ۥ QݢqQgv@uKy6KQgl6i_jg#@o|)hȁnxT>\9anA|<Yj'E^ 9L {=f^18tH|1MT.R :A;_⫧حd)ql=^_U"m th6SahEjB|eA%4_6umZV\[~}b}[_X0{cV'jUw#W/9FZK>tc.1)xkŲ'dU^Ɓ'h_N կgz"4VI,nV xb1Rշ|mJh%WŃ1nМ1!Z5pR A?y} 8}g 6LǷ{%UJ9[_0W[o 8 Vk|tlАc|`X>W򽽂/,?dCswu߄wunٰ.)WwXSYYS8!߀ed=^?_հBz徰X?}oilG) K?]@9nK؉zcvG^F:OJlk[S-(בq[A_\Xxڌ/xPg xAQ}Sҟ(s-Aȕȏw+P~R͆\yV8|<,h>|VW? eƊ}Itel?bzX푞b:U:}w{WgwSy&;DR0O~Sچ}c@wa?L\s-<&r4xp,@'fT-7T! 7?lsoa}tÉ|ybt*ld[[Os}b>x78x/T?}(Nϔf ܿGu&4|_rbhc]lɓ熩_suq'`}jK9 q>p?7gǿ[;>ֹqg9is | -uƦ3>׀G;vа?ǖJO+nS@'2mQOLz!bN%9c ۡ+dB x<+R}&Z8+ ;7xLKWW_=gtԝS.S'>;6OX֠ iu N߃q̎`N= !!Tށs?G3S^ʧPb16wVa,жu@?l mPG{Wy\~i,K0&Ox{d/`먧k#M|SM*GTkB񬋥6n_gO'xDuN$wAnn(aJp廤qpzΎ6+:ص;?{ڶ %tC\~FY/~d qpq|O|h#ǁb /zzye:x>1p<[N c}~U2Tܥ{Nm{v:sX4بH `+[1أv59"oɇ?W>rBCNxɹM4ϕ< g鹤O,t/ձk[~ط-(:ki)Jg>!~hS&Ѽ꟮"Āu@^i[ 3p?tj6^.C3/Sݡ;rAgfs]Lt/%NXr#CC!ﻇFvtdА8hﮬ,so=SuCsi#/ua{MCKU"~/`p?Na:,(ù a'ƭct9T^N^/P>@yN8HX$݁n,;2W*?-n.+nʸnЭMHrΙx*;Sϱ? =*1 u_G_`:Ɏ Ёqt"Zwa+h39% /rZ_tܢ}(Ü>s=~uyh;DSv :%P7 K[!4iR:yk}r Yo(jb6c\8?-=xiiCOGv~Zcm ᢷ;3(,Q=s$Gl/haU~)8cȷTmfIڝB<ûp|qSe̿UNƃvU&ߓ,*F>ۅ8-m =И?:&A`*"nyмampdj-|w9{niH#+ rc?d}цucP?_-ֶ4x7{s~ƾb_+%v{hd'wF8 &SUa gls MaI%E{G>בz,sr&x^:Ry%~V*4ѿZ,uv$cS}'nr|@9 9f:?&6'WQmskᾂ"y_OY gCGNl0Nm h}E?fԛ3ʺS~V׵^瀩[P5Wm+Ogig؃s_ c{;mN %AOm vD't;n+N87gqw{Cޒcc=֗qSABf) ?}d̋!Y31O83!Y[=$t<hHi@}_!`ƹB*wV%M..ޏ-gy@6sPנpY2V4BC,$iƤθ ׎Ēy;bHl}I5c֙o)nObd DZ%#p {M|cCcl-˵E̜3_VSALcS_SʟmPO4x}4,,s© Caroline Becker 2008 13 Mateer ’ s variegated mission work is reminiscent of the three to four missionary prototypes about whom John Hersey writes in the novel The Call. 41 The novel ’ s protagonist, David Treadup, begins his service in China in 1905 hoping to aid in the “ evangelize the world in this generation. ” 42 Mateer also went with the desire to preach the gospel and spent his first ten years of service doing just that. Although Treadup went with “ romantic visions of soul-winning ” , he began as a middle school teacher to English-speaking students. 43 Mateer, too, was an educator, yet one who held to the principle of a Chinese-only classroom instruction. As Treadup ’ s time in China passed by, however, he grew increasingly discouraged in his efforts to share the gospel with his students and increasingly enamored with using science demonstrations as a way to indirectly share the gospel with upper class Chinese. At times Treadup would travel and jointly present his demonstrations with “ James B. Todd ” , the roaming evangelist character, but he himself stopped preaching the gospel. In fact, by the end of the novel Treadup had become so divorced from his work spiritually that he began to doubt the existence of God. Mateer also valued science for its educational value and ability to intrigue Chinese people, yet unlike Treadup he never let science and the gospel become divorced. In this way Mateer represents a microcosm of 19 th to 20 th century Protestant missionary approaches in China. 41 John Hersey, The Call. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985). The time period about which Hersey writes begins at the end of Mateer ’ s service in China, thus much of the missionary philosophy had changed. It is interesting to note that Hersey records Mateer as being one of the “ ‘ famous missionary stalwarts of the late nineteenth century ” attending the centenary missionary conference in 1907 (143). He also mentions that Treadup uses Mateer ’ s Primary Lessons for his Mandarin study (131). 42 Ibid, 86. 43 Ibid, 112. XxhUeǟ1ZC.f3K1%MEMRY˩+U-ԑ @D(3RL2-LR"݂{9x%w!t||><9,mf]J:.fMs/@YfⱉC F6a׳:۝d7xK"sURޭ+[ ώr4a,a8LE˳V-u[]%ZwC=wc2>vga=`_ŭ*mdn=`ne/Cnb6W {I|^bJ?-w_9xw_Fimy\i0IĶ~0{dvACZ[F\.xi3ZW>ņuۧ~,L#M>?LKKcNz9͇kW*qa|m0_{ˆYр4KPB=9n3AL?΍ GQ˲9~(Y1Z}VV~>bãyT uF*i}C`K+U@S-8V@/ȉhM6m5 v!vzc0V^ 398[@}}N1և$=c6^{_q3κt~*!v9%x Sl;yk,^Coa~Vy]6Res9b;Cz#hM1_yg_; ص0X^;jG=>OLBEzRL 50o%VYpĂ^v>p`G1k M0M5ڸ\-sCF jU_ju !V6zf}?L=_Cϴ>?8X z7`7tա'цaWC5Dk?^=?j)On~ 9v-c]wtײJMX󬧍ޏ>0TC=9bodv( ܫ3iOǵn1ca `?=P>UX ojwRw2nՑۊhKЦc0=Fq9W5B!f@S;ݍyH)wPKņ*&}O5>9|z =µ>u<'J~9r^חK~ƒ&;vQwt/?ڎooTEQD:ut>QD:uJmUMicrosoft Office Document Image Writer 11.03.2175.00 2008:08:26 15:35:51  $KJ*  KK(16Y2NY/y*K1sS܂{,Yx͜ Vy~tC`fw.g7)Qj j) S]` lwAbZM`dL4$F-ä&MLq660NұA$C[;%=˽,L_|<<9ys=}!I݂m I)&T?%$IqK4$=$1MB!Q.ddI2lH6%[T6t Ւ$\Ws~}T4LӞסW&g*q{ø>S>$$S(ٓ!%¤mߘɝ&wܖdp|f$Hԩ] %s^$=p+3RCz_:}FHR}m>fir^ՒdƵ=3~v~wz{#~B{M|nYMRF@>`OsR3sW_lQ>=Tfg)b>$)dYUL'З$5m 5jGj/[h/T`?֒O2:9>֞]p_J|Ce'tOz?u=C2yRk:9fX_dkJqLu|uu{& t}U>^Ӵ?yQ蘢wZj^dmR[mۚ3N&_zgu˙>iGƩMSu\6;AP3~3Ȩm"#T(B|

K`Rӿkԗ) -8m~ *.[Kt. *]O*`Nd$_rRN, dW1W7^|v~]9ڵ`TYupOQVhJoɂ1S{V _hEMŻž?zoxIlS4>둣I~Eݓl0 B*l.MjPB3sɇ= 8+;"3:3#uџ~dz@~Br nS<QCB0wrt"7dNTsbk`odז6L35P 2uoL{D[,i{l/%g6D[/>/ˇݑqe`sOL?K}bU- hhDfMjLU2ETQclV9?6Y_iMB${؆fF~d`?Cg<@pOb9@AuÞ6f( X+s .J4rzP0D1,7:[Wg@B _E9!D~)IҐ˷dkb|j  #s 2,/C6'lkh4pXCǏЩGn/U}Hv=t;IxIwW77RۓO^[3mm7k5- ^ ЈAP XwŵƹU +c'>,b6[uV0;q8ˤ$ej ߧ-b5E;_O;Wp9~tιO?F9 ,]S[s*$] ʞeNOFZ4Y'S<6rKhi%;-{'P 5j&{B8->-]boIDgRɉ]<+Î>c>; 0Wc}9)-\)9_X&->Kc-ycitthwu.chۯnYCυ ĕ౩pG1D|Mb n>Ȕ$_C @c{ey'Q0kryF'؟9T%U?{2)f?c]c;؎/9x t$6we[xڦΰ8v xcwfص -kKnn}~Ae)': ^̿1{5ovǮ2c;vn%K<H9o 1WeRx|Z4H;598 ާV8+2{ 9H3!NM䕰q6iXHmh{CX+8]ڮ3{^F%`~:S\2ovӪ=VigQ p:vd|Dz@|bQ'PS~*4ze{.տe!7({!zs~AlRllL؏hSݱ786tr)Ǧo_*)>U:mm]?r{Iqiᾌ~ĕu@6Io1.ёq~t6J7t#zWHܤޑm w/Ǔ9/% ٫LjleD6fPϼabb;J/8@G7xZE;@WoFE w7M2$gY$ ) L]bXJXGlC1~;l 'tl;$#bۑBöSկʶ+DېZckʺxb|WwU9.G 7_eF#ܢۻa g=9xhYsGJG>J ;BXCN[f^R:7lmĶа-+ ~vs/h|V'ZX9o ,Kqn˸ {턭|@ە]h[zc>nӏX]-<vJ“_oNDžJۮx'~GTg.fǼ3KƼr^ :笜gw Ohʓ痹9~%}3hD»3F=Bl4^I;0!jI{\bˇ;C F= ޱ.=qEĭ1Y//ɞP].&9Zp{mA?Y=Uڻnsm&Ϝ<2:B=GJK?g39raoqA ŵV4٫n+b$I/ʆC6=Jbx$;foYgDx}o,gCg cwT1pp zЃ<׌|{sCcn*^"Z^C.G"_h |>!zIȔոڤ7r F#87?}}b! ȗ$o8'G:oႉ_x|Aa)͏Zngщ1\G|kBQ,<Js± >+W<-,GcM/S29Rqkbp}k}k}nLͺE1rȄoGȱTWroE >7 V3O`.\b~d6}uwI>kQNhȉ \"@~óU1\ *E oG$|vpU-?Xw.y]R\U-^w^9v1dcq?BVӄCvta`G9 pGEuCcdq땱Cd){6|5ǭv`;IJ53t<ɦ-!N4kJlv6da @Gw/6m6iӇV;/vBÆ**㕸73y>×:woi%b0U4hD0 "fAl' 4xZM`n烆-<_^|aw"=Nnպկܣ%9os wPs=6>#{mB'nY)@F­Wao|8B81|J]ЁЍG.hddtثRX#|B5ySde4 gF~8(\gF%+-ǫ=#r4?0tpđyP#ޘoǪ 8bb}}h_h/ZuC&5`}GU% 25*2AC&*u ~H$௢ B^yoS&;c|XQh7ۖk.<Յu6{2s|8^+ZCXw7jmR ;e'q^а[e/<܎A}}w]](gx˜xYF.4l$SVڈpyG'٤<];4xNZȏ,k!U=ݞ|'4x~U1/ۖ'>$:g5E\Sk>'E1z7T3ߕ@{I8҃k:1ЃSW}]d%|z8^୫clb;^"RhڬRvTߔ=Z'2h_:$<#xc#PR.] #g~qr#X7/Ӽߢ-,-Z3N^gbqIC11m"!&]Ahd*># 7JK2=Oulm#ܳoJÍ 9:YHӥHoA޳خ8|Ш3Ɋ|l?W[ֳG p5?(ZܢpD''fџp~/1JLhi<3MH>9!ĭS\a8'{|\rVgNNV>TV,}O|'_)OUt4<ۿYg[%m-IJ|&}vsѲqh,,>© Caroline Becker 2008 14 With such a diverse approach to Chinese society, Mateer is not free from criticism. His determination for success in so many fields was coupled with a highly demanding attitude towards others. The high turnover of medical doctors at the Dengzhou station is often seen to be related to Mateer ’ s high standards and willingness to point out faults in others. Even the nickname of ‘ Old Tiger ’ that his students gave him highlights his stern character. Mateer was said to have been a “ block of granite with the heart of a woman. ” 44 Too many people only experienced the former. Mateer may have been described as having the heart of a woman and, in fact, if it were not for the women in his life, his multi-faceted success would have been severely limited-- he may not have even been a footnote in Latourette ’ s History of Christianity in China. We seldom hear of the Monicas, the Susannas and the Sarahs, but without them we would not read of the Augustines, Wesleys and Edwards ’ . Mateer ’ s mother ’ s strength of devotion to her children and encouragement to mission work was the primary influence in cultivating his missionary calling. He himself once said that his mother ’ s influence had been “ most potent ” in his life. 45 In addition, although most credit for the school ’ s success has been given to Calvin Mateer, the school would never have survived beyond a year or two if it were not for Julia. Julia was the woman who continued teaching, recruiting and administering the school for nearly a decade while Calvin traveled. In his biography of Julia, Robert Mateer describes his sister-in-law ’ s best qualities as being self-forgetfulness, humility of spirit and capacity for devotion and 44 Fisher, 333. 45 Fisher, 20. xkheǯݚIc0R6H[K+ͲurvВD\Rլy">t$E3̇ȶ>D:_}3f3;3׬vL5/`L2)Il !:#lΞB\Z9~ 8{} }&aV }41$-[j]eߐhso Fӌjq_voIOI$]y3]?IR[j.}; 7@S]Aj^pY"NKΓ]zns,ldDK\e*[_e'B^\|,yH~ܾvmǞŎ9$[Ԏ/>' -k@1x *I;@l![a?!/ Rl@ҞC^._]ՠ~q[ymudﲷ]9OARzPfvPtPY:q?x |Sq*WKXIUq~PnCsQ tc^'[},ƮX+o@XmSȈ\cg=տb|aNJgʮ?Ӧ;լ6'eWqG8`yGi)_bu)_O1א? qpmOU@ = "ëEZkNPU Y#ޣC7֑m|!V ^u`NPwNr,%;_{ МvGԼnRp)S kډ۠-Ԥ9[ū;PҬ{龚@x_s]#;ޅ~!h@ VݙrnؼaEN3]^\Uk>kޚ]k/?Qw@?BvEĜGIo]4OM^pS*wpVT!PgM|mM+0sGe7a7-Fߏm5|G؆6?pV~ݯ/ SNyjU'o?߶w3A]׌FI|ʼjOV;7a^rcgJqqqr iQ%73y[4l<{pw˛gy(y涡)ߪ\-mxm6~m??lnK;tuMF2!u^3NR_joã~F\!t ~ }3kkWYkm?'8U}jdʉilA[+%iE֓ղL]rݙI[d-ڀ9>ܻGY-*CA,$`Nxdm{/U R'{VT?R1V˲v٪$;% hV\2J>RY zG_/э} -{_GX1m4̃1,cS:kB<ʟ~?TGX'X".DZYit0)&.ـH~ lP[M7˒XpxzRّ}P7䧎-h}h8-ll=M]7mo^钚$yUDG^)3]Fx$M-{"hP=bԃ}Ճ|^)wC8C'쓶}e[gϘg4?߂=(ܺ5sF-Kc6聺N?C/o/[ +%^!_ M|ƶK<]|F)8;W}{FRdg7C&C!S;'dO2aJfgu`L#`p<ېkzE9X>vt>A/}mg  so_ -p6=78G;ؗatʧU;_ڊlۡxޓOd4x9kp~-' y4[!duMya^.]Roj)U|Yxxmdcs;%'g8|Ïӗ~qXkz6'Hyu=Yt̖y8ADySeu;*W*@~g¾2 {!r"Xvr BM׌-RrlIU"y.t bJԏmu"#t`{ڈl#mxb15ci~:6|ZH-+-kt_J䢴:q__)T|wUIwTIGu.5:T?+9' i;pO$|Ĝ7ڡ2/p |%:OޘտOU߃|Mr5,M&=ȋon[~p _O^6Cw>"86o-*GBTӝ&;Tܢ,Lޛ^9b v}bѣ y\EӼo}cљC=8l? O烘ȥâo}T?[?^~3cFяbYGe&q~v X_~_<.Rܛ±2gp}rve͐y xӑ0]yoG< ĉJX6f{t=̈́^COjݤ}x-K-[J㙄-vbɶ> lNwu3B c?D/cm~.ѯqq>}ccvbxJx`.C1c:C|}_bdwg'5/mI6_ޢ0K?a+ ۶b?vx~s9;'{J /4cw:b~?maz9ecm _[wꃎ!՘{gΩWLhUQ٥6b7,笜W<'YuM锾-}eݏqN])hm*;UƲBm Tg%)*V՞D] Fj| W*ܔ hvt*C:(1g!s5+gJ!J*ymǍu,x xDžӠ?z'hu%~K7wY ~, j>0^&qyz9*u;*)yy ytzD?g9І4 ~z$?g^G;UΉL2܎.1G8hwh@ C>Fc].nXvV-5=4g&SΝP~c]|Eeއ3.]'orF]J2yTc}hNr/˴h h6}-c.nSۑ8ڮW[n9;]/K*_3E=Cjm]ޓTDC&'{DNU8` Β31W5"(f^{pI?>Ž>{/},bZ;i0}]e^0 A>5~x>?8BIK6Fus![S k 6*АMnݩ|{ w"JdNN=utcC8J= y{b,//8]EntbvoBT-YGn;o@2JU>}jSʚ& չؓquXG @|-!bD5u zc) 32 уy!-s]# < ky321'b'qN7) @f;%[ql)Jۻ _&&5ql㘡SK2`ΘctFjK_怞5?Ȉ;'._Artݎfwh'2oH=gYm4'_WaTggL(ΈD ]8t⁸.  Ve44AscrVGG I9>z'[g}P0,9'ꏔBH]…oy5HymYމI%O`,^v͝8x:]}xzX8g _U2R/LٙlHX匆{|T%6@.F,+y{lF?ہ1C8Цv1He1s͓“kVI#~PnG{Ez?Ւs\~cew|9>1 ?yKշ}…/фk6KeI3OrB/ NmY#— +B؞ц~ FݶͺD/~B<>>u;>K=nt_88ozAgX뱏.K lx?W\!ܙ)*@s]s' >vA~cRKghqK;U^/Ys2 |Z.l?] i~O7t'|:N 9SۅC/n|.|4_9lCJg\u WxAwy!WpMkҵ5|ʺ 5]4A_lyOdBcHS֏qk䴬1ϱX/ =H8rQHkkpx{^vX:u;&xAkM --EFѾ/y{eK;i໺E?ij53OQ1r ADWJ44gle]wXmcSKQo7r;#o~%f©âRNwEo@; N*`OX)'R/r>53|hO;V>Ȟ>BLxL}fY~g`ƆVAyy{=I0mh?#k~#\ 4Ǡk['w|3_pԐSQltD|}ch!{z}p %({W؇\5N9{8Cqi8ǡ3(%o?Ku+UbO?yk8y/3X&8hj)/ _K |MiU7K9n/hbF1>Gmbu?jMM|nqn>|nڎΞTO|.'>b?>GW| MpЬ&9>WR=w$w3yM8־wd]6:-=):٢KDJmC]p|lצ_v+瑇4U+t*x&C\+, co!>K?~6:x>Vzb{Վ}%OLmwl,<9$b= 3D'ױ-'C u<[8T#j{_4,-gO>*cϱ&y{O=YG*?U3{Ӟ&,$o&'Ѽ32x{j#=p*;䜚$?WLI:?ѿD"Cо)Mm#gri?.GZwX}<q.%Jsez1m VmԡI^cy\Tۃ.vJ8cRPk^y9#a.ȳbwy["Jx=6=Z8/_+ ~E[~xN~`"8PHw[f W> W/k{SFi"aeOK/8Soʛ7x4_Gl6s2l7W^jb1yƃ/+ b:+%se>=4v .?4_":̗V#8Xj1Сv29p7AE4 DKwc_5ި3oChNg !nG_؄>h2}G[ DT~D%8PTI8'Cej6i6ߡ*c>xhecdB}39W^pDGE4o&? J V nȈl 9Mνǖc6@<ɀ=ګn")<9Wb?[^=u$/KL7>sxyO%4cQmrN_u.\/6Z< V4yxn>p  L/4XgϴĘ^؆l\Wp* yE7%]=&VDZߙ^Fw&{rڐ~}ُ%O}f}9'^{sZ 5Ȕ" #Ǧٮ!/KUEml/T=Q$/|Pg7y}^9 \ylya?7[ 6NAeeZ3j e% h: LT9w]c╦@dٱ!2o\ _ z7W=Sc[ NraCky7j9}kԋKt^1{ŔyR+fjVV3e=z]Xcre՝M:1jsvo#w^'4wxr3y~G:"!`g\)lz|"Ix[bp[Hs}?h۰ŽRYB~Dr퓜bǖC(K9Ԡk]l:qP)u ullLBFZsj)7z}OVXLF'Ț<ݧ&eu?O1q)4_?wk^7Wltݣ@πlnݷ1L,b W/OR>b}Gͧy] ݳ4oرzԠk z5kN YϼΥ{ 47K_lצ9@hį9/ ^j!Ԝ5zړ6.b[+9(`_zԿ=H`{vmMȺkY!W]r w[Y{>gܗKsAbm5d‡=ȳ%p'OiȚc| gMȚKkqz3{ԽOagχ .=fWGwE8&'|1FΓ-tp[<ʓ;ɹy&WdǺ:\\=_y}Eؗ7.G_1'by.T:u @ԁQUD:u @ԁ vOMicrosoft Office Document Image Writer 11.03.2175.00 2008:08:26 15:35:51   (16ʯ2/1$j{^x՜}WyeK֍ƥޥ,8-%ˋI:jJP1Q`Ev #͐`IZ'j(FGuEC4ql1vLi1c;c~?]@fgϹsss4eYWpkSݧc-YvDuMվ,/귳)5v )~zV=/Ӻz+fiVflk-!%xq_[Q3fjg|AIt:)mJ!g_R-ZWK-A& 4pOXXDhƍ|mRF@^\TFgbSfujOt~i47KgoMϰo·-CFߎ2k&>[=qNoq]ߠ5_xw+vL>uOoﻏY7w%ѺV[-C۟²iԮFM]\hԊB}Px%5ijo&hYxġW:=}cfvK:imbn&t_-_+?нzg{k[|/Aw}{d>J.'{]ގfcƌ;IUC--q߇:q4쉟Q"]wNXMXBmsH+`-xX' x-ޣgP;O_O7Ty}vj^֭4) Ev8<t 3l^ 4ti}rk"#{ϯ - 1Q@,ybY9pZ/j|WhoT) ] sڲkǼUcʲBCVjexnsG9|mP7*ǦH]%qBSzgGly)ۣV|v /Āv(7(seFROn!; b&t }ַ <݁9!% '+`rCC_'1')x"{$e ٭՘>97z?r~(ʉ:&+0[bF@g`{`ԩrGͶfvsk3]oPcx1y賖ed<<9xe1oZb*g~[?SNzٴ{wolwכк+glU60r(}M!OeeV_b%(bqG1X#6m;s˽29s'}pf/6lM5g5l4.hrde^+E(r /:Az:& h>Ym;2r0y~OhogxrFΝY8TCcոcUohx_d[>mN雖OތG磂OIWt( [huA$lpԑ3ƯrF\3k{$/r_[!74V>>k\WpF:鿫/z޲]*5gk\o\ei]=6ȂO nsjF9!‰5;gW[솛$+E䇜ds@^{x>4tq,A)9Q1N@ p<{9& za5˺Bc]]7Qyi;$>.(_D?~YӶE2ڟQl׆4nâQz&qћp0}ׯXǰp#!pcHv ǜ1>A/%%z1m@eoKL;/X⚹㝧9lwhTyڑ^يI5EYdCoAm~Nn{lZ>}_t+d@ %Wא3^8B$3kR>-G~FGdB?#1^Sx.]ZOgt#@]p]\g `53 >< 1cq3kcc\c,9t<5 :zη4Lj-Z]6axWACMO}JuIumS|%e!WGx?ۥe DYoI\!vz]:vLcx<@\a[\;cxhkh34F:2@Z%--9q62зfx:TΙ}bnlș bY6)cNҟa׷ϸG.!YEz,E% c(_],x32rdUj(/Z}lٸ3!팽l;lzcOxSy oq5}pau1YY^dccyzt 2sTgpcs \bed W85n)7<|"&_u1}CC}#qCdak#NzN6-HKtgyDN 7,-ujX gS:7\CQ~x⃝j>p?{~\̓]IoVS=׈,tn9h|_*6Z݈?|)ٽl/h$S4Sُ;u1^]/gr9Ṇw1qcr}Y||A2̒|ϩeC}ph?2~@x[ùj<è4kp:ZX5?>=O+~!vIcl;b9xėӌGr x-sR '_ֶ\[v1޲g|81c/(\k:6NJ:]iWPRA/-Qna LOI^.Aq }ƭTzgWJ2ve!nr70[, YHv\Or8 Րk @*gңɴ-\cĎ{LgH%oĈckuyC]b,0ۖi{w7Zw;; [SkcѮO4}.s7,nU*u߫u<+%!Ӏ1syjD@٦vu =1ϥx~3g=p>۹6k5csFnf:sFn~jo QsjQYghRsh1񩼿K»Ļ4{ܛ#ѳϱmψgh>XOx_ )t[gFJt=Py܇m}1z(3'ny޺O+ctV1~;f>o]@= Ȟ:L^/s>lգ;K |jΑ.~ko+h?~'tc+9l 0ax12o e4go>'؍rLg{6d`#ؓkӶƦ﹌<4 1=u c<^9uשYq5LWY~q:":uɣO?cݺQ{*|2~" ŵG@/|%/7G*2CCwilO֫[l~?'Jx4N/`vbs(>OJ3?_n#^Kxcd;714<3L_V/hKnJrysq@gyO4xGP}g]AQ5[pT, f_֑sxd أk4I kklm7a`6ۺQ?jS{ACp]Ǥc/`zA65ï}0k4. XK  izZkDŽz4.wo,=KK{^{Fj]NW|oKT NKtF@,~B~ڿ,/ ͈sPg591{Fciߑ~:L.wê9W0qq Q$k~[xH'tPWMNG\B{G._+F_S[ƿG7K Nu&op[ߓ<{8笭q 22KS)Lc07wHB=3IS͂ʼl⇯B!ZZڏXv_<,q/?3ƻ"sI>-N<=a.PW% b\_D OX9;d'k/ p"8spnQCˤ 1Kcge}GǣዌȰZ@X>+| ;֪|R<~rbO7|U&EC=$^]q WdzOҭ!N%?Sc6huG|\!~n)SoD2RcZ%<<sp{"y'Wޛ-\|wL̩#?zJMnhg;cm45FD)mbk!87GKlɇ _B×ri/\p{ NN G_.,^[ZUa\,4Oi.6XA[dDW Y%r(o'I c}}xT#F:|Ac.~&-sPE̾Vu]R d,uI_نs@Cbv5Ǒ/iΤs9Cyy~z5^׮wF)jySu5/J^ !įʗ{6/b'G,, © Caroline Becker 2008 16 week of school in September and was even able to correctly master the complicated family relationship terminology in Chinese. 53 Julia would frequently visit the homes of her pupils and served as a substitute mom for the boys while they were boarding at the school. After her death, a fellow missionary spoke of her, saying “ She has been a mother to many of the Chinese. ” 54 In a letter Mateer wrote home to give thanks to ‘ friends ’ for their letters of sympathy after Julia ’ s death, he told the story of a native Chinese pastor who heard of Julia ’ s death during worship and subsequently, “ put down his head and gave rent to his feelings in sobs and tears, then rose and gave a most touching address on her life and character. ” 55 Julia also mentored many of the younger missionaries on the field. Her home was always open, especially to newly arrived missionaries. Young women on the mission field regarded her as “ a mother, a counselor and a guide ” or “ Auntie Teer. ” 56 Mrs. Dr. Neal regarded her as “ my missionary mother and model. ” 57 Not only was she a model teacher and mentor to many, but Julia also adopted the role of social-medical worker when necessary. She assisted in Shandong ’ s famine of 1889, traveling 220 miles via a donkey-wheelbarrow to where she was in charge of a relief station with her husband for ten weeks and then for six weeks on her own. 58 Due to the frequent shortage of doctors at the Dengzhou mission station, the task of basic medical aid often fell to Julia. Although she felt incompetent for the task, she nevertheless faithfully administered medicine for those in need around her. 53 R. Mateer, 44. 54 East Shandong Mission Letters. 213, 41, 2, 2. R. Y. Miller to A. J. Brown Jan. 6, 1898. 55 East Shandong Mission Letters. 213, 41, 2, 16. June 15, 1898. 56 R. Mateer, 36. 57 East Shandong Mission Letters. 213, 41, 2, 13. Calvin W. Mateer to A. J. Brown May 14, 1898. 58 R. Mateer, 129. xmheǯg/'I8zCmĘĆk/2u̴$ ueʤ&.J%ԌEE$j@z#{E}P$4]lsvj\}]}<1 7[Qۼk<޷$I/ >[Uvl(Wc;TNuMEwŢ>+kEQ^x(NT_u+&RxVú;MEbSPl.JbP%הk]ӫ>j&̨Nt?tߨ{a׭D_yuvdTүr5jengFspF1Q]_ipJA˜Dʰ9)HKuM}j6ha4b+im@&_1"tug҄ͷ*ed u\\%>]:i>+n a3oTov-9aH?L~h&OFݿ]t\s{m'voD?~pf39F_JɅC$97#7s[V1zy B|{Ľ_G'in4S-_)x Snk+mӛ|nٹmdkrLDc}׆f&L8\y^_Ȩ`N-w>岿reо[z6't_, f _Su+.ХIP )̉֟Vc[bXJIJS.jFjAWh+K.3JhS\6upO.+4dXV7O6(sڀ/yu,8!)LgӤdyjSA AX;2}46mw ռƼ۵HG%HqzjZK!y# \X6,,naerPYs}b.ddg;=y|^h{"rhЀޠjIP2̇̏؀ym˃+/r,i 4jφ8WnToX;(7͚}\isHB5nun_h̋K`A^(ޢ%JeV?8, }<po ciw~@xv g}2z>hmGGRlolf~%>3ix3X\7hW?qO$\s~}Ƥqyקּ@t2Yơ P_1MBlQALSbڹ^WxrNO5 m,u;>sGEk^.[s2b=|)#_Im|^'1Vg[a#]$-}t|sήx2|3'u/ڣV'h:P W痧E[T R{%ӀsP|t^= ԑ,ޚ% \xnqB9kԳ_2alµ}b9v؇C˜|Âgcb1`Lѳ1kOvd~{Oް>vEna3Axʈ7^%,L-K }XpJZI8`{l:UL6 [J/4#hdӻ&m aK ޅ=`Ds>Edži[r5vKA.}Ҝgquhmx&h_ξ !: [dͲ9VxjsAg4/uVfg 9+݀?4c8xd=2ChiN||lm8q]P+T@KZ 7i\[Ѕ~Q}k8;t Out5c1n)ѲD4{v(u~b*?{Ncm.s#;ƽd{ 1fd(k[tj޳X34~_mvfTWtIwc3xeo^o_L3dy{ q=\߈!G~i\G3?3Ƽ1cO0|svc1^y׽-gUjDJzja;ǽxYp]`.< \NY?E<EU2-{m+l`[qmO Ʀ_^/fVR<m:RENMsy3GM9,G>۹kd551>e6"=o64~3s-E ( '>`m-`Mmjy$]翿)'rjU'L/o¯u^\?aڱgZ'X~Ӻbx?g[O(:{Mhp=[kkO$yOKZp.Nύ)ezo:yGۉ3i=Kb1İ8w҇W [ʦoX.9jw sOEgn S弆=_t7Vy9|7k~O,!Z:z'+cl Mi燂I 7K}aه6ZS.*; ˠH}h= v` )_j/H'tAC&-Hܗ籵Gxgx\iz5I>FP9M䤤Ct(ۋT-:'#AC>Z~ӻKؚXwwP'ikȧ7*xLe#vkG1M^|K:AC7NSdRw|tV~*˶7{~ikywl.i=S}ȏY p=jV}:rß< _\5shIZݗw#V\aa s}|nh :)|3~cuQ_vL #gI&d{w٠!S+bJïW@-:$06݄ہ x~C)ڿR ö֚—e'\"5C{U"K 2+-=vMhz; ТoU=*<xnm?{`wݶ{%亿6Wh{6{h(owҗxX& B~ڧ1 /> !&9) 9Fȩ'uf31״@sO\ǁ)3L:zЄSwB=R/|:}p{w$@|pwMq{qw{)_#\ao)-Xb{}@rǙ$u.E+wf8E?I8FibV], 'pC/7rJZ9=Ju+Ͽk ]& -{~mM;G~{"cgq7tdo<Э'~n鷴8p8F4oX!dr;SrV{p c0..^J=#sxM_惶HUYgV9VO7?x?OW9ÿA"_F*o+3#[gd F̏g7qtܛB4/xήZG\ұaC"gϼel#x9gg(.3'4S!XC)xsv g7V9FcYC7*>c]{ lRގ=g,~39'eʡL,W9x}\YOiEr!c[y 4{ֻIx;ˎg^ |wmA'{Z6[k`dGΣrBV5AI^Fsǔ}rv\(~V&o|].(Ѹm=~PisTfWRzJ7|?ϱLX6:@/9D|eQUsg_Qc<9Zza]Цr\99]j(AB#VǕw2373ۜ,,© Caroline Becker 2008 17 Calvin Mateer valued Julia ’ s counsel and support as “ beyond praise. ” He consulted her on all occasions, and he was mightily influenced and aided in his work by her quick, unerring judgment and sterling good sense. ” 59 Before her death Mateer wrote: “ Her death would be an irreparable loss to me, and also to the college. The young men all over the province, to whom she has been a mother, are praying for her. The college has been as much indebted to her as to me for its success. ” 60 After her death he wrote in a letter that “ No words can tell how much and how often I miss her. My work is falling behind for want of her assistance. ” 61 Other missionaries devoted many pages of writing to express their respect and praise for Julia upon her death in 1898. Dr. McCartee of Tokyo wrote, “ Among all the missionaries I have known in fifty-four years in China, I have never met one who was so amiable, faultless, and at the same time so efficient, or whom I have felt a greater respect or a warmer regard than Mrs. Mateer. ” 62 A letter from the English Baptist Mission in Shandong stated: “ To most of us Mrs. Mateer herself was known as the embodiment of what is wise and noble in Christian life and tenderest and strongest in womanly character: to all of us her name meant patient and heroic toil in the path of duty. ” 63 Julia devoted her whole self to service in China and to her husband ’ s work. Calvin Wilson Mateer, as we have argued, was thus a complex amalgam of missionary types with the most laudable characteristics and greatest contributions being linguistic and educational. He was on the cutting edge of recognizing that the most culturally appropriate and distinctively Christian education is that which is done in the 59 R. Mateer, 182-3. 60 East Shandong Missionary Letters. Calvin W. Mateer to A. J. Brown. Jan. 4, 1898. 61 East Shandong Missionary Letters. 213, 41, 2, . Calvin W. Mateer to A. J. Brown. June 15, 1898. 62 East Shandong Missionary Letters. 213, 41, 2, 13. Calvin W. Mateer to A. J. Brown. May 14, 1898. 63 East Shandong Missionary Letters. 213, 41, 2, 13. A.G. Jones to Calvin W. Mateer. March 21, 1898. x{heg[gyNgY8sĩMa\5s.JZehcy Lf'! F!iAk}y. }󼗳<3S`6nm]k6:!r\]r͏@OMk! 6FFn}qg%r?T2[›p=* @~;-CoYk,:@;ؑSg G4]W}g6yr3a$Z]^+y#{{*R>\O"=$bt G&|"w .|Vrktu/ѪpgƫҲƹpNb6Ll/bVu`8Bv5,D.U'1o9.b_sA'55BZ[A1z;I s4 xh^9iqFJm9Ƹal$PMl6\kp596#An~I؋`":쌷=7_fՑc3q󭬵-`M-5<Zǡ[Nx`~߇| X/7(94ux{ rku| 9k'A毁?_Zɡ3Uϫm#fn-:`^F֙ k=9Zz?;B)Ǯ} t"W[ ѯ쨧f΅j9Օ{\x͝ڇW.ۧT/,1)`_xƥ{5j^^j}{2Vay}k/KGjyCukLT60~'S--u׹9>(Gll{R=ْ})x7> gfVޗVE^d=gֳhoT|7 cz~g'p)gcY{V[ 8sr8sӋJRP>^m"ȳ^߹v..5r8r#WηɖZG<+|1 JbU^>M6WEַѓb=鹚 л]󻘾7Iw9z..W_imAWmw\Cߏ| M\ՒC5]ܝ|%WԓO\N6X.c%7L0~\JLwWc9v @؁a;?F+@؁a;'%Microsoft Office Document Image Writer 11.03.2175.00 2008:08:26 15:35:51  RH BJ(16 2 /X1B{\#x[l]GǗF5IvڸE(NH nHT㻉;n>>z(TV{Jx@@ *  R Uz幬5ksBXv h*n·P|jnwFEβ4e'%>JWy7Y*yuǥ[S֭[*6>ԧ`yB?]c*WC5|ևz1+ևn|7>ظJʃmSߧ|=?iV`k5_ixz;qߧXRj+s{׶m]=K'~n>Ěc}ot6(_o!7GBbN#<?D8Kj=9 [G?&>d܆}sZk`-+mւtH>9D|J¾Xޣ> \c!dJ[rp7\}XqM8azRs.TcEG n(| sj]v~ nA6G^;,_ '悜RקXBIb'Uߖ=ƌJv)~.,j'Luq=mbS–Klju^1#&4/9es^ڣ3aEzo/b"V=bEG-_RĺCƊXY_]9l*ҖΔ")γtJOBv̋8> s{=`zkpSq6#~.(B–<fCe_r}/WxR.xd[u.['!nnX4&/jԂ|=Wh3cDk3]{ly^uJ_^Mk3\̝'U_w|BJ5K{T}u_nDNϙsBl!QIh2f1e(Q1{M;{HlU?ҹJt_3꫋tGKp._Mݯ"Zq¦o5ùڔDNOkDd+ow+;>L5ۖyE+u0AԙK k#:p+ZOKǍDfy9b&:b(d[+֡zp<ڼZ~ʝ{fM7ϬsXꬫOB y@Gҹ}8*Oip¥[8>tljn>yJrwN P OF`? Sk5qМ LO-_%x s~D^ߋc ws39Xy Gp豯\'߱&=jn;VYOCOƹgu/zc}{<3: Jrcym)~O^99|Zv^:x<'J\@[~γt'QIĬ}#=#~B:x{p U/:ҹb٦5-|KqEuA]\\ MKkH{6'm:a:q V q1gY.!s"_;gG|ys^Fq种x/m{ri3I>t]]!G9BGnZ57|y pDbk XuPGGYeq7xLkTs G>[KHokb|sbql8(O|p&? g>[5>tķGu]!t&}wN-g7`ñԉxDǚX{!-m=a&cm0A&1 ּgzBktOuX_LD:1|ަٜC|CƸOJyO9oirgٖҸR:`*GW 7UeC]9!Ʒ xoFߊXM~ox<z>aƓ:K;X"`n;tfܱgt!1e >En75qÿ@{$d\G%;?9FGQcJNfs8>^CvU>懏}hAe;^.xAğ7p3D-)ĭ- ئpSמ İx998 K1БWĹc8;qǹy7G=63G9c>;e>2}ǎ#_ Kup^0Q,qS?D0U,,© Caroline Becker 2008 18 recipient ’ s native language. He also invested years in detailed linguistic research so as to accurately translate Scriptures into a more vernacular Chinese and so he could provide foreign missionaries with the appropriate linguistic understanding and foundation for Mandarin fluency. Mateer was a Confucian gentleman with the practical skills of a mechanic and oratory ability of a solid preacher. Yet were it not for the partnership, counsel and sheer sacrificial service of his wife Julia, it is doubtful that the Dengzhou boys ’ school would have survived and, subsequently, that Mateer would have been able to accomplish much as an educator and linguist. Thanks to Julia ’ s support, Mateer was able to embody the major approaches that were used for mission in China. He was a microcosm, though mostly forgotten, of the major Protestant approaches in China.  xMHTQoFalS`2Fp7,$ "jA!-*%$j$"2v& @l*#@ZFt!ߙC q3~9s;wUn4IYtl_!lG,4l JM 3^MMV-fz^~/b4vChB`{p'8nZj$2fo"nwC)w1ULoĴ6O? /~uUV )ði5~i؁͡ Z!*ch?Wֈ} >mo0$aB'|&^uؽFp z<3wBκ9c9(PD{v sf;w ,6V4~DZnv;|]u]y+iR^jkVޥ5[=mr֧*Oe lEe6|mHMicrosoft Office Document Image Writer 11.03.2175.00 2008:08:26 15:35:51  F  : 6>(16d2/L1tࡱ> Root Entry NdqrvorsQblcu4szKeiub3mf2g8::CONTENTSprop2 # mX]0,Å :+0h08@T B prop2B prop3 v E m N 3DICT| ! = \R & 49F 99%999999VyOOh0@(08 9999Oh+'0l0prop3 AuvsxjatP0udblw1Aaq5eubr5h8  CONTENTSpSummaryInformation(  CONTENTS8@d Jennifer Gott